History Flashcards
Natural products have been the most successful source of
Potential drug leads
What percentage of natural products have been evaluated for potential biological activity?
10%
What percentage of prescription drugs are natural products?
30%
What percentage of prescription drugs are anti-infective and anticancer drugs?
more than 60%
The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dating back to
2000 B.C.
The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dating back to 2000 B.C. from where
Nippur, Sumer
The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dating back to 2000 B.C. from
Nippur, Sumer, described (3)
how to make
poultices,
salves and
washes
The world oldest known prescriptions, on
cuneiform tablets dissolved into wine,
milk and beer contained what ingredients (9)
1 mustard, 2 fig, 3 myrrh, 4 bat dropping, 5 turtle 6 shell powder, 7 river silt, 8 snakeskins 9 "hair from the stomach of a cow,"
the tablets also
documented oils from Cupressus sempervirens were also used for (5)
1 astringent 2 anti-seborrheic 3 anti-dandruff 4 anti-aging 5 fragrances
The tablets also documented oils from
Cupressus sempervirens
Commiphora species is valued for
aromatic resins produced by several
members of the genus
“Myrrh“ is the common name for
dried resins
“Myrrh“ is
fragrant and has been used both as
fragrances and for medicinal purposes, for example
Balsam of Mecca
liquorice alternative name
Glycyrrhiza glabra
Glycyrrhiza glabra has been used for medicinal purposes including (2)
1 indigestion
2 stomach inflammation.
Some other medicinal purposes of liquorice/glycyrrhiza glabra are (3)
cough suppression
ulcer treatment
laxative.
what is the Ebers Papyrus
a 110-page scroll, which is
about 20 meters long, and is among the oldest
preserved medical documents
The Ebers Papyrus includes formulas, such as
1 gargles 2 snuffs 3 poultices 4 infusions 5 pills 6 ointments made with beer, milk, wine, and honey as vehicles.
Chinese Materia Medica first written record dating from
about
1100 BC (Wu Shi Er
Bing Fang, containing
52 prescriptions)
Wu Shi Er Bing Fang means
• ‘Recipes for Fifty-Two Ailments’
when was the Wu Shi Er Bing Fang discovered and where
Discovered in 1973 during the excavation of the
Ma Wang Dui tomb at Changsha, Hunan.
what were the sachets of drugs found in the hands of
During the excavation of the tomb numerous drugs were
found in sachets, two of which were clutched in
the hand of a skeleton
Wu Shi Er Bing Fang formulary presents more than
250 exorcistic and drug-based cures for ailments
such as warts, hemorrhoids, inguinal swellings,
and snake bites.
Indian Ayurvedic system motto
‘Science of life’
The Ayurvedic concept appeared and developed
between
2500 and 500 BC in India
what remains one of the country’s traditional health
care systems
Indian
Ayurvedic
system
Indian Ayurvedic system concepts about health and disease promote the use of
herbal compounds, special diets, and
other unique health practices
Historia Plantarum written some time between by
c. 350 BC and c. 287 BC by a Greek, Theophrastus
Historia Plantarum describes
plants by their uses, and
attempted a biological classification
based on how plants reproduced, a first
in the history of botany.
Monasteries where preserved the
western Knowledge?
in France, Germany, Ireland and UK
Arabs preserved _____ and expanded it with the
___, ______ and their own resources.
Greco-Roman expertise
- expanded ith with the Chinese, Indian
Arabs first to own privately run pharmacies in the
8th century
Avicenna was a (3)
Persian Pharmacist, Physician philosopher and
poet.
Avicenna authored a five-volume medical
encyclopedia:
The Canon of Medicine (Al-Qanun
fi’t-Tibb).
Avicenna was used as the
standard medical
textbook in the Islamic world and Europe up to
the 18th century
The main
sources of
drugs (3)
natural
semisynthethic
synthetic
• Natural sources of drugs (4)
plants, microorganisms, marine plants and
animals.
