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Natural Products > Extraction - Natural Drug Leads > Flashcards

Extraction - Natural Drug Leads Flashcards

1
Q

structure is determined by what techniques (4)

A

1 NMR
2 MS
3 IR
4 UV-Vis spec

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2
Q

Hyphenated techniques

A 
1 GC-MS
2 LC-UV
3 LC-MS
4 LC-NMR
5 LC-DAD
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3
Q

High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques (3)

A

Thermospray (TS or TSP)

Continuous-flow fast atomic
bombardment (FAB)

Electrospray (ES)

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4
Q

What is flavone isolated from?

A

Monotes Engleri

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5
Q

Flavone structure

A

see slide

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6
Q

Extraction procedures involve

A

Separation from the raw material and cleaning up

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7
Q

Cleaning up in extraction procedures involves cleaning (2)

A

1 cellular debris

2 chemicals

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8
Q

Chemicals in extraction procedures cleaned up involve (3)

A

1 lipids
2 proteins
3 polysacchairdes

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9
Q

extraction design involves (3)

A

1 Type and
number of
bioassays

2 Source of
extract

3 Scale of the
extraction

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10
Q

Commonly
used
methods of
extraction

A

1 Solvent
extraction

2 Supercritical
fluid
extraction

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11
Q

soxhlet extractor diagram

A

see slide

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12
Q

supercritical fluid extractor diagram

A

see slide

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13
Q

what substances interfere with bioassays (4 examples)

A

1 Tannins
2 carotenes
3 chlorophyll
4 Sodium Chloride

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14
Q

extraction fractionation methods (6)

A 
1 Partition
2 Chromatography
3 Precipitation
4 Fractional
distillation
5 Steam distillation
6 dialysis
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15
Q

what is a Liquid-liquid partition?

A

Distribution of solute between two immiscible liquids (see picture)

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16
Q

Distribution governed by Partition law

A

Partition Coeffient (P) = [conc in solvent 1]/[conc in solvent 2]

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17
Q

Chromatographic methods (4)

A

1 TLC
2 Column chroma
3 GC
4 HPLC

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18
Q

Precipitation involves (3)

A

Salting out
Reducing solubility
Insoluble salt formation

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19
Q

Dialysis diagram

A

see slide

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20
Q

Electrophoresis diagram

A

see slide

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21
Q

Taxotere structure

A

see slide

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22
Q

Taxol history

Who founded and where the antitumor screening programme in 1960?

A

J. H. Hartwell of the American National Cancer Institute (NCI)

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23
Q

Taxol history
1964
Used how much air dried bark of the Pacific Yew Tree?

A

12 KG

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24
Q

Taxol history
1964
Fractionated how much of the Pacific Yew Tree?

A

146 g of solids

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25
Q

Taxol history
1964
How much taxol resulted in the taxol extraction of the Pacific Yew Tree?

A

0.5 g

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26
Q

Taxol history
1962
How many extracts were investigated?

A

650

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27
Q

Taxol history

1971

A

Determination of its structure by Wani et al

28
Q

Taxol history

1977

A

Preclinical

development

29
Q

Taxol history

1979

A

Unique mechanism of

action

30
Q

Taxol history

1982

A

Clinical trials

31
Q

Taxol history

1983

A

Phase 1

32
Q

Taxol history

1985

A

Phase 2

33
Q

Taxol history

1988

A

Jean-Noel Denis et al.

European Yew Tree

34
Q

Taxol history

1992

A

Clinical use approved

35
Q

salting out involves (4)

A 
1 Soluble
inorganic
salts 
•NaCl 
• (NH4)2SO4

2 Non-Ionic compounds

3 Large quantities (1g/ml)

4 non-ionic compounds - precipitate

36
Q

Mechanical methods (2)

A

1 Craig counter-current distribution
(CCCD)

2 Steady-state distribution (SSD)

37
Q

mixtures of the salts of organic bases reaction

A

see diagram

38
Q

mixtures of the salts of organic acids reaction

A

see diagram

39
Q

Small-scale extractions:

Liquid-liquid extraction

A

1 2 substances dissolved in water
2 add 2nd immiscible (insoluble) solvent and shake
3 wait for partitioning, drain off bottom

see diagram

40
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction diagram

A

see slide

41
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction can be modified for

A

more polar compounds

42
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction has an affinity for

A

non polar compunds

43
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction uses

A

CO2

44
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction rate

A

particle size

45
Q

Supercritical fluid extraction penetration good in

A

natural products

46
Q

in supercritical fluid extraction, the diffusion co-efficient is

A

higher

47
Q

steam distillation diagram

A

see slide

48
Q

Steam Distillation extract

A

essential oils

49
Q

Steam Distillation is boiled with

A

water or steam

passed through it

50
Q

sum of partial pressures occurs in

A

steam distillation

51
Q 
Solvent based
method diagram (dried)
A

see slide

52
Q

Solvent based methods have a set … of time

A

period

53
Q

Solvent based methods involve i…..

A

infusions

54
Q

Solvent based methods involve a pre-determined

A

temperature

55
Q

Solvent based methods involve direct

A

contact

56
Q

Solvent based methods involve …. substances

A

predried

57
Q

Other considerations for extractions (2)

A

1 polarity

2 pH

58
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Low polarity solvents (4)

A

1 hexane
2 chloroform
3 diethyl ether
4 ethanol

59
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
High polarity solvent (1)

A

Water

60
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Classes of a compound extracted with high polarity solvent of H2O (3)

A

1 Amino acids
2 sugars
3 glycosides

61
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of ethanol (1)

A

glycosides

62
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of diethyl ether (2)

A

1 Alkaloids

2 aglycones

63
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of chloroform (3)

A

1 Alkaloids,
2 aglycones
3 some volatile essential oils

64
Q

Other considerations for extractions
Polarity
Classes of a compound extracted with low polarity solvent of hexane (3)

A

Fats

waxes

essential and some volatile oils

65
Q

other considerations for extraction

pH reaction diagrams for acid and base

A

see slide

Natural Products (8 decks)

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