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Natural Products > Bioassays > Flashcards

Bioassays Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical diversity of compounds found in

nature =

A

Important potential source of new

drugs

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2
Q

Most commonly

used natural sources (land & Marine)

A

• Plants & Microorganisms

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3
Q

Ethnopharmacy

A
  • investigation of the use of

natural products by an ethnic group

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4
Q

discovery of Cocaine ->

A

Benzocaine & Procaine (LA’s)

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5
Q

Coca leaves chewed by south American

Indians for fatigue =

A

discovery of Cocaine

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6
Q

Benzocaine structure

A

see slide

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7
Q

Cocaine structure

A

see slide

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8
Q

First four steps

A 
1 General or specific search
2 Investigation scale
3 Types of Screening assay &
Procedures
4 $
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9
Q

General
approach
to Isolation (9 steps)

A

1 sample from source
2 initial solvent extraction
3 extract
4 screening tests
5 fractionation if initial extract contains active consituents
6 monitor bioassays. Discard inactive fractions, keep active fraction
7 further fractionation of active fractions
8monitor bioassays. Discard inactive fractions, active compound or compounds isolated in this fraction
9 isolation and purification of individual compounds. Determination of the structure of these compounds
10

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10
Q

Groups of

physicochemical properties separated during fractionation (5 groups)

A 
1 Solubility
2 Size
3 Electrical charge
4 Acidic
5 Basic
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11
Q

6 Separation

methods

A 
1 Solvent extraction
2 Dialysis
3 Distillation
4 Precipitation
5 Electrophoretic
6 chromatographic
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12
Q

6 steps after Isolation

A 
1 Purification
2 Structure
3 Commercial Interest
4 Synthesised
5 Evaluated
6 Analogues
• SAR
• QSAR
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13
Q

Vincristine structure

A

see slide

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14
Q

Vincristine also known as

A

leurocristine

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15
Q

Vincristine marketed as brand name

A

Oncovin

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16
Q

Vincristineis a chemotherapy medication used to treat (4 examples)

A

1 leukemia
2 Hodgkin’s disease
3 neuroblastoma
4 small cell lung cancer

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17
Q

4 examples of structural analytical techniques

A

1 NMR
2 MS
3 IR
4 UV

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18
Q

5 examples of coupled structural analytical techniques

A 
1 GC-MS
2 LC-UV
3 LC-MS
4 LC-NMR
5 LC-DAD
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19
Q

Dereplication can involve what 4 analytical techniques

A

1 Chromatography
2 NMR
3 UV-Vis spec
4 MS

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20
Q

The American Cancer

Institute for HIV screened how many natural products and what activity resulted

A

40,000 with 15%

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21
Q

4 ways activity change occurs
due to
decomposition

A

1 nature of fractionation process
2 instability of compounds
3 oxidation, hydrolysis, polymerisation
4 conditions

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22
Q

Why monitoring

tests? (3 examples)

A

1 Removal of
substances with a
synergic effect on
constituents

2 Decomposition

3 Active constituent
lost in the
fractionation
process

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23
Q

What should screening tests be? (8 things)

A 
1 rapid
2 accurate
3 reproducable
4 high sample capacity
5 cheap
6 easy
7 useful for Tarry extracts
8 Useful for poorly soluable extracts
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24
Q

Bioassays involve 3 things

A 
1 screening 
2 acitivity
- environment
- time of collection
- sample prep
- storage
3 monitoring
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25
Q

Taxol structure

A

see slide

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26
Q

Taxol is a chemo medication used for (5 types of cancer examples)

A 
1 ovarian cancer
2 esophageal cancer
3 breast cancer
4 lung cancer
5 cervical cancer
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27
Q

A bioassay is

A

an analytical method to determine concentration or
potency of a substance by its effect on living cells or
tissues

28
Q

Bioassays were used to

A

estimate the potency
of agents by observing their effects on living organisms
or tissues

29
Q

bioassays typically involve (3 aspects)

A

1 a stimulus (e.g. drugs) applied to

2 a subject (e.g.
animals, tissues, plants)

3 response (e.g. death) of
the subject is triggered and measured.
30
Q

Limited and specific ivestigation involves two types of activity

A

1 Cytotoxic

2 Antibiotic

31
Q

Wide range investigation involves what type of activity

A

many types

32
Q

limitations of investigation (2 limitations)

A

1 not sensitive enough

2 too specific

33
Q

Classification of investigation
Broad:
Identifies what

A

non specific active samples

34
Q

Classification of investigation
Broad:
Detects what

A

many different types of activity

35
Q

4 types of tests

A

1 whole organism
2 cultured cells
3 isolated tissue
4 enzymes

36
Q

Whole organism tests involves what organisms

A

1 mircoorganisms
2 animals
3 human volunteers

37
Q

most common whole organism tests (2)

A

1 Brine shrimp
lethality test (BSLT)
2 Crown gall tumour
inhibition test

38
Q

Brine shrimp lethality

test obtains what values

A

LC50 or LD50 value

39
Q

Brine shrimp lethality

test is carried out over how long?

A

24 hours

40
Q

Brine shrimp lethality

test involves how many shrimp?

A

10

41
Q

Brine shrimp lethality

test involves what solution?

A

brine

42
Q

Brine shrimp lethality

test involves what type of shrimp?

A

Artemis salina

43
Q

what is the caustive agent of crown gall tumours?

A

G- Agrobacterium tumefaciens

44
Q

How thick are the potato disks in the Crown gall tumour

inhibition test?

A

0.5 cm

45
Q

Crown gall tumour

inhibition test temperature

A

room temp

46
Q

how many days later were tumours counted in the Crown gall tumour inhibition test

A

12

47
Q

what was the resulting inhibition of the Crown gall tumour

inhibition test

A

> 20%

48
Q

Other whole Organism tests

Microorganisms (5)

A 
- Bacteria
•Virus
•Fungi
•Yeats
•Amoebae
49
Q

Other whole Organism tests

Agar

A
  • Petri dish

* 96 Well Microtitre

50
Q

Cultured cell tests are suitable for

A

HTS

51
Q

Cultured cell tests

Results - reagents

A

1 colour
2 fluorescence
3 luminescence
4 radioatctivity

52
Q

Cultured cell tests used for

A

Mammalian cell

lines

53
Q

Cultured cell tests

Receptors -Specific physiological process (2)

A

1 Binding

2 Inihibition

54
Q 
Isolated enzyme tests
Enzyme system (2)
A

1 Activate

2 Inhibit

55
Q

Isolated enzyme tests

Quantitative (2)

A 
1 Known
amount of
substrate
2 Standard
quality
enzyme
56
Q 
Isolated enzyme tests
Detectable product (4)
A

1 Radioactivity
2 fluorescence
3 UV and visible light absorption
4 Control

57
Q

Isolated enzyme test chemical reaction diagram

A

see slide

58
Q

isolated tissue test diagram

A

see slide

59
Q

why does activity change? (2)

A

1 due to synergy

2 due to fractionation loss

60
Q

Dereplication
Protocol by
Cardellina et
al.

A

see slide

61
Q

Structural
Analysis of
the isolated
substance

Ibisterol structure

A

see slide

62
Q

3 analytical ionisation techniques

A

1 Thermospray (TS or TSP)

2 Continuous-flow fast atomic
bombardment (FAB)

3 Electrospray (ES)

63
Q

Mexican yams create (3)

A 
1 Diosgenin
then
2 Cortisone 
then
3 Hydrocortison (cortisol)
63
Q

Mexican yams create (3)

A 
1 Diosgenin
then
2 Cortisone 
then
3 Hydrocortison (cortisol)
64
Q

Mexican yams create (3)

A 
1 Diosgenin
then
2 Cortisone 
then
3 Hydrocortison (cortisol)
65
Q

Mexican yam to cortisol reaction diagram

A

See diagram

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