Historiography

Question 1

what was the effect of the mid 20th century shift

Answer 1

social history movement

influence form other academic disciplines

encouraged a focus on marginalised groups, cultural practices & lived experiences

Question 2

How did anthropological history effect the view of outlaws? who were the key historians?

Answer 2

E.P. Thompson, Natalie Zemon Davis

focus on cultural anthropology, rituals, symbols, and local customs.

focus on the ‘ordinary’

outlaws as a symbol of resistance against dominant elites

Question 3

name of E.P. Thompson’s work, date, and key quote (outlining outlaws)

Answer 3

Whigs & Hunters

1975

“the law was perceived by the poor as an instrument of class oppression”

Question 4

When was the social history turn?

Answer 4

1960s/70s

Question 5

Key social historian that changed the view of outlaws

Answer 5

Christopher Hill

Question 6

What did Christopher Hill write, name of work, and date of work

Answer 6

Liberty Against Law

1996

explored how outlaws, pirates, smugglers, resisted and challenged state authority

viewed them as products of socio-economic conditions

Question 7

Key outlaw historian, name, work, date

Answer 7

Marcus Rediker

Villains of All Nations

2004

Question 8

how did marcus rediker view pirates & other outlaws

Answer 8

saw pirates as “proto-democratic”

“pirates were not just thieves; they created alternative societies that offered egalitarian and multiracial models of community”

Question 9

two key cultural historians that changed the way we view outlaws, and how did they do this?

Answer 9

Robert Darnton and Carlo Ginzburg through the use of microhistory

focussed on the lives and mentalities of specific communities or individuals

Question 10

Historian who focussed on class perspectives, name of book, date, and quote

Answer 10

Eric Hobsbawm “Bandits” 1969

“banditry is a form of primitive rebellion against oppression”

Question 11

Marcus Rediker key quote

Answer 11

“pirates were symbols of defiance, challenging authority of nation-states and brutal hierarchies or ship board life”

Question 12

E.P. Thompson key quote

Answer 12

“the criminalisation of popular customs and practices was part of a larger effort to impose discipline of capitalist economy”

Question 13

Christopher Hill Key quote

Answer 13

“the outlaw becomes a lens which we can see conflicts and contradictions of early modern society”

Question 14

Key historian who wrote “smugglers and patriots”

Answer 14

John W. Tyler

Question 15

What is Tyler’s main argument?

Answer 15

the role of illicit trade between American merchants and the world fostered the American Revolution?

Question 16

Tyler’s 5 steps in how smuggling bought about revolution:

Answer 16

1. Economic dependency
2. smuggling as necessity
3. fostering culture of resistance
4. tension catalyst for revolution
5. intertwined nature of motivations for independence

Question 17

What is the problem of looking for outlaws according to Tyler?

Answer 17

lack of elaborate records of the trangressions

Question 18

Key source available to historians about smugglers (Tyler)

Answer 18

Ezekial Price Insurance Records

lists owners of vessels, captain, destination, & premium levied on each voyage.

Question 19

Why did people smuggle according to Tyler?

Answer 19

1. increased profit
2. avoid duty on foreign molasses (Molasses Act 1733)
3. run ashore European manufacturers that hadn’t been imported through GB.

Question 20

E.P. Thompson’s viewpoint on outlaws in the Moral Economy 1971

Answer 20

views outlaws as societal actors not inherently criminal, but that they have a deeper principle of justive rooted in cultural or moral economies.

Question 21

Moral Economy key quote

Answer 21

“the crowd was informed by the belief that they were defending traditional rights/customs…rooted in consistent traditional views of social norms and obligations”

Question 22

what sources did E.P. Thompson deploy in his Moral Economy 1971

Answer 22

1. historical court records
2. contemporary pamphlets
3. economic statistics and patterns

Question 23

What was the historiographical significance of E.P. Thompson’s Moral Economy 1971?

Answer 23

challenged reductionist economci theories that overlooked cultural and ethical dimensions of resistance.

social history emphasised the role of the marginalised, active agents in resisting economic and social structures that oppressed them.

Question 24

How did E.P. Thompson’s work in Moral Economy 1971 influence the view of outlaws?

Answer 24

recontextualised them in a form of “social banditry”, challenged norms, recognised their rebellion not as anarchy but as assertion of alternative governance where they placed justice and equity within constrained conditions.

this group as a microcosm to justice.

Question 25

Marcus rediker’s influential writing called & date

Answer 25

Life Under the Jolly Roger, 1988

Question 26

What was the main argument throughout Rediker’s Jolly Roger

Answer 26

despite pirates being branded as criminals they established egalitarian communities with collective agreements, and distributed wealth and power equally.

argued their rebellion was a reaction to harsh conditions of merchant and naval service, a protest against social inequality

Question 27

what does rediker note about pirates?

Answer 27

that their legacy remains a compelling historical phenomenon. Where men lived beyond the church, family, or disicplined labour, using the sea to distance themselves from the power of the state.

piracy created a space where ordinary men had “the choice in themselves”/

Question 28

What does rediker argue as the reason men chose the life of piracy?

Answer 28

those who directly challenged the harsg ways of maritime society

Question 29

Rediker’s assumption of the number of pirates from 1716-26

Answer 29

1,800-2,400 16-18
1,500-2,000 19-22
1,000-1500 -> 200 23-26

Question 30

What does Pollard argue about Robin Hood?

Answer 30

Directed to the new middle class

Pollard notes that rebellion shoped to create a world not disimilar to that of the greenwood kingdom Robin Hood returned too

Question 31

What did john C Appleby & Paul Dalton’s study show?

Answer 31

deep continuities to emerge

petty & serious local disorder

struggle and agency of local government

outlaw traditions

outlaws had a profound influence on the development of english constitution and state.