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Psychology-Paper 3 > Historical Views of Mental Health > Flashcards

Historical Views of Mental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What were old methods of Treating Disorders ?

A
  • Restraining devices
  • Trepanning: to let evil spirits out
  • Psychosurgery: remove or change parts of the brain (lobotomy)
  • Electro-conclusive therapy
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2
Q

What are Newer treatments of treating disorders ?

A
  • Prescription drugs
  • Talking cures
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy
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3
Q

What 4 types of definition for abnormality did Stratton and Hayes​ identify ?

A
  • Statistical Infrequency​
  • Deviation from Social Norms​
  • Failure to function adequately​
  • Deviation from Ideal Mental Health
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4
Q

How does Statistical infrequency​ define abnormality ?

A
  • Behaviours which are statistically infrequent
  • Rare is abnormal
  • Implies there is a normal curve for behaviours
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5
Q

What is the problem with using Statistical infrequency​ to define abnormality ?

A

-Doesn’t take into account desirability (own choice)

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6
Q

How does Deviation from social norms​ define abnormality. ?

A
  • Breaking society’s standard of norms

- Abnormal behaviour violates society’s rules

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7
Q

What are criticisms of Deviation from social norms​ defining abnormality ?

A
  • Who decides the social norms ?
  • Different cultures have different rules
  • Social norms change over time
  • Expectations of men and women differ
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8
Q

How does Failure to function adequately​ define abnormality ?

A
  • Failure to experience the normal range of emotions or behaviour
  • Includes:dysfunctional behaviour, personal distress, observer discomfort, unpredictable behaviour​ and irrational behaviour.
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9
Q

What is the problem with Failure to function adequately​ defining abnormality ?

A
  • Someone has to observe the behaviour (subjective)
  • Hard to agree on the boundaries that define ‘functioning adequately’ - leading to inconsistency​
  • Are such things only indicative of poor mental health? Lack of employment could be due to poor education.​
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10
Q

How does Deviation from ideal mental health​ define abnormality ?

A
  • People should possess certain characteristics in order to be normal
  • Positive view of self
  • Having self discipline, act independently
  • Positive social interactions
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11
Q

What is the problem with Deviation from ideal mental health​ defining abnormality ?

A
  • Very subjective
  • How positive do you have to be to normal
  • We will all deviate from good mental health at some points in our lives – grief, stress, anger, love – but this is normal behaviour, not abnormal
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12
Q

What did Rosenhan and Seligman 1989​ add about Deviation from ideal mental health​ defining abnormality?

A
  • Suffering – the person has negative consequences to their behaviour.​
  • Maladaptiveness – not fitting in with society and maintaining normal social contacts.​
  • Unconventional behaviour – something that wouldn’t be expected in society​
  • Irrationality in behaviours that others wouldn’t be able to understand​
  • Unpredictability/loss of control that is not what we would expect.​
  • Observer discomfort due to the behaviour​
  • Violation of moral standards – where behaviour fails to meet the standards set by society.​
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13
Q

What is Cultural Relativism ?

A

-Acceptable in one culture but not in another

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14
Q

What is Maladaptive ?

A

-Not fitting in with society

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15
Q

Which 2 Methods are used to categorise Mental Health ?

A
  • DSM-V

- ICD-10

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16
Q

What does ICD-10 tell us about Mental Health?

A
  • Each disorder has a description of the main features, and any important associated features.
  • Each disorder is then given a code.
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17
Q

What does DSM-V tell us about Mental Health ?

A
  • DSM is a multi-axial tool.
  • Clinicians have to consider if a disorder is from Axis 1 (clinical disorders) and/or Axis 2 (personality disorders).
  • Then the general medical condition of the patient is considered, plus any social and environmental problems.
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18
Q

What are the positives of DSM-V and ICD-10 ?

A
  • Both generally accepted to be valid
  • Encourage consistency
  • DSM = more holistic, considers different factors (the axes)
  • ICD – publication can look at the individual as a whole
  • Both are constantly being updated
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19
Q

What are the negatives of DSM-V and ICD-10 ?

A
  • Cultural bias may have/continue to influence the creation of the categories/axes
  • Patients may fall into more than one category, complicating treatment
  • ICD = categories are used in a reductionist way
  • DSM – separates mind from body
20
Q

What was the Aim of Rosenhan’s study ?

A
  • Aimed to test the hypothesis that psychiatric diagnosis was neither reliable nor valid.
  • Is it possible to distinguish the sane from the insane within a psychiatric institution?
21
Q

What were the participants in Study 1 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • Staff at 12 different psychiatric hospitals in America.
  • Range of old and new hospitals.
  • Didn’t know that research was taking place.
22
Q

What was the method of Rosenhan’s Study ?

A
  • Field experiment

- Participant observation

23
Q

What was the IV of Rosenhan’s Study ?

A

-Pseudo patients lack of symptoms

24
Q

What was the DV of Rosenhan’s Study ?

A

-Staff’s response

25
Q

How many Psuedo patients were there in Study 1 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • 8 including Rosenhan
  • 3 women, 5 men
  • Range of occupations
26
Q

How did the Psuedopatients get admitted into the hospitals in Rosenhan’s study ?

A
  • Each contacted the hospital for an appointment
  • Claimed that they were hearing voices (of the same sex as them) saying words like ‘empty’, ‘hollow’ and ‘thud’.
  • Used false names, but all the other information they supplied was accurate.
  • All but one admitted with a diagnosis of schizophrenia.
27
Q

What happened once the psuedopatients were admitted into hospital ?

A
  • They stopped displaying any symptoms of abnormality and started behaving normally.
  • Took notes on their experiences.
  • Collected data on the way that the hospital staff interacted with the patients.
28
Q

What were the results of Study 1 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • Length of time in hospital varied from 7 to 52 days
  • Mean was 19 days.
  • No detection by staff (although some patients were suspicious)
  • Discharged with diagnosis ‘schizophrenia in remission’
  • Staff made type 1 errors
29
Q

How were behaviours interpreted within the context of schizophrenia in Study 1 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • Queuing early for lunch was described as ‘oral-acquisitive syndrome’.
  • Taking notes was described as ‘writing behaviour’.
  • Pacing the corridors in boredom led to patients being asked if they were ‘nervous’
30
Q

What were the response rates of Rosenhan’s Study 1 ?

A
  • Psychiatrist- 7% response rate

- Nurses- 3.6% response rate

31
Q

How was powerlessness presented in Rosenhan’s Study ?

A
  • Restricted contact with staff and inadequate personal privacy.
  • Lack of confidentiality with patients’ notes – sometimes openly read by casual staff who had no therapeutic contact with the patient.
  • Personal hygiene and toilet habits were monitored. -Cubicles had no doors.
32
Q

How was depersonalisation presented in Rosenhan’s Study ?

A
  • Ward staff engaged in physical abuse of patients in the presence of other patients – but not staff
  • 2100 pills were administered to pseudopatients
33
Q

What did Rosenhan believe was the causes of depersonalisation ?

A
  • Staff attitudes towards the mentally ill. They may have distrusted and feared patients whilst also wanting to help them. This combination could have led them to avoid interaction with patients.
  • Formal hierarchical hospital structure. Higher status staff had least contact with patients. They could have been role models to the other staff.
  • Financial pressures, staff shortages, and over-reliance on medication to treat patients.
34
Q

What were the participants in Study 2 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • Larger teaching and research hospital.
  • Knew about the first study.
  • Told to expect pseudo patients over the next three months.
35
Q

What were the results of Study 2 of Rosenhan’s experiment ?

A
  • 193 patients were rated – 41 suspected of being pseudo patients
  • No pseudo-patients actually sent.
  • Staff are making Type 2 errors (false negative) in attempt to avoid making Type 1 errors.
36
Q

What was concluded from Rosenhan’s Study ?

A
  • The process of diagnosis is open to many errors.
  • The hospital environment and the ‘labels’ given to the patients influence perceptions of behaviour making them more likely to be interpreted as insane.
37
Q

What is an example of an Affective Disorder ?

A

-Depression

38
Q

What are symptoms of Depression ?

A
  • Extreme sadness
  • Loss of interest in usual activities-social withdrawal
  • Weight loss or gain
  • Thoughts of death or suicide
  • Loss or more sleep
  • Loss of energy
39
Q

What is an example of an Anxiety Disorder ?

A

-OCD

40
Q

What are symptoms of OCD?

A
  • Recurrent. unwanted thoughts (obsessions)
  • Repetitive behaviour (compulsions)
  • Performing these rituals provides temporary relief from anxiety
41
Q

What is an example of Psychotic Disorder ?

A

-Schizophrenia

42
Q

What are positive symptoms of Schizophrenia ?

A
  • Positive are a distortion or excess of normal function
  • Hallucinations – perceptual disturbances that can be very frightening. For example hearing voices.
  • Delusions – disturbances of thought involving false beliefs.E.G: paranoid delusions – believe they are being persecuted or plotted against.
  • Disordered thinking and speech – cannot concentrate or sort thoughts into a logical sequence and communication may be difficult.
43
Q

What are negative symptoms of Schizophrenia ?

A
  • Negative are a reduction or loss of normal function.
  • Affective (emotional) – a reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression (flattening of emotion).
  • Poverty of speech – reduction in speech, fluency and willingness to talk to others.
  • Reduced motivation – spend whole days doing nothing
44
Q

What is a type 1 error ?

A
  • false positive
45
Q

What is a type 2 error ?

A

-false negative

Psychology-Paper 3 (15 decks)

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