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BIO2133 > Historical perspective > Flashcards

Historical perspective Flashcards

1
Q

How can we define genetics ?

A

Study of the origin, transmission and expression of genetic information

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2
Q

What is selective breeding ?

A

Artificial selection and breeding of natural genetic variants found in the wild

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3
Q

What is the cell theory and who developped it ?

A

Schleiden and Schwann
They found that:
- A cell is the basic structural, functional and biological unit of organism
- A cell is the smallest unit of life
- Cells derive from pre-existing cells
- All organisms are made of cells

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4
Q

What are the 3 factors necessary for evolution through natural selection to happen ?

A
  • The traits need to be hereditary
  • They need to have some variants
  • They need to provide a fitness advantage (selection)
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5
Q

Which theory Sutton and Boveri came up with ?

A

Chromosomal theory of inheritance : chromosomes carry the genetic information

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6
Q

What mistake was in Sutton’s theory ?

A

He thought the first division of meiosis was equational and the second one reductional, but it’s the opposite

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7
Q

What is synapsis ?

A

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

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8
Q

Who and How did we find out the 3D structure of DNA ?

A

Rosalind Franklin (stolen by Watson and Crick)
found by X-ray diffraction

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9
Q

Place in chronological order the following events:
- Avery, MacLeod, McCarty exprience
- 3D structure of DNA
- PCR
- Mendel
- Cell theory
- Genome editing
- Evolution through natural selection
- chromosomal theory of inheritance
- Structure and functions of ribosomes

A
  1. Cell theory (1838)
  2. Evolution through natural selection (1859)
  3. Mendel (1866)
  4. Chromosomal theory of inheritance (1902)
  5. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty expirement (1944)
  6. 3D structure of DNA (1953)
    7.DNA sequencing technologies (1980)
  7. PCR (1983)
  8. Structure and function of ribosomes (2009)
  9. Genome editing (2020)
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10
Q

Where can the genetic material can be found in cells ? Which form does it take ?

A

Found in the nucleus, in the mitochondria and in the chloroplast

In prokaryotes, the chromosomes are in circular form
In eukaryotes, the chromosomes are in linear form

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11
Q

What differentiates DNA from RNA ?

A

DNA : hydrogen group on 2’
RNA : hydroxyl group on 2’

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12
Q

Between RNA and DNA, which molecule is more stable?

A

DNA

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13
Q

How many hydrogen bonds are between A and T
How many between C and G ?

A

2 between A and T
3 between C and G

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14
Q

What are other names for the coding strand ?

A
  • Sense strand
  • Positive-sense
  • Positive (+) strand
  • Watson strand
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15
Q

What are other names for the noncoding strand ?

A
  • Anti-sense
  • Crick strand
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16
Q

Complete : The Watson strand’s 5’-end is located on the chromosome’s ___ arm

A

Short (p)

17
Q

Complete : the Crick strand’s 5’-end is located on the chromosome’s ___ arm

A

Long (q)

18
Q

The p-arm and q-arm refer to what ?

A

p-arm : short arm of a chromatid
q-arm : long arm of a chromatid

19
Q

True or false: the coding sequence of genes can either be on the Watson or on the Crick strand

A

True

20
Q

what are chromosomes made of ?

A

Chromatin (DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins)

21
Q

What is the total length of the human DNA molecule ?

A

2 meters

22
Q

Why are histones positively charged ?

A

Because they contain a lot of positively charged amino acids
Because DNA is slightly negative

23
Q

Define Heterochromatin and Eurochromatin

A

Heterochromatin: Condensed form of chromatine, not available from transcription

Eurochromatin: less condensed form of chromatin, available for transcription

24
Q

In what form is found most of the chromatin during interphase ?

A

Eurochromatin (90%)

25
Q

What is the centromere ?

A

Specialized heterochromatic chromosomal region at which sister chromatids remain attached after replication

26
Q

True or false : it is easy to identify chromosomes in karyotype

A

True (using the banding when stained : using fluorescent microscopy)

27
Q

How many genes are in the human genome ?

A

20 000

28
Q

A karyotype shows a set of chromosomes in which phase ?

A

Metaphase (duplicated)

29
Q

How many chromosomes is there in a human somatic cell ?

A

46 (2n = 46)

30
Q

Describe the types of chromosomes found in the human genome

A

22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes
1 pair of sexual chromomes (XY)

31
Q

Difference between diploid and haploid ?

A

Diploid : organism containing 2 sets of chromosomes (one set inhertied from each parent) (2n)

Haploid : organism containing one set of chromosome (n)

32
Q

How many chromosomes are found in gametes ?

A

A single set (23 chromosomes, n)

33
Q

What is a polyploid organism ?

A

Contains more than one pair of homologous chromosomes

34
Q

True or false : the size of the genome correlates with the size of the organism

A

False

BIO2133 (5 decks)

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