Historical And Current Impact Of Educational Philosophies Flashcards
Efficiency Movement
Prepared students for life of work, through conformity, following directions, wrote learning/memorization, and strict rules of compartment
Troy Academy
1821 – an Academy established for women by Emma Willard
Oberlin College
1837 – the first coed institution
Compulsory Education Act
1918 – required all children to attend school
G. Stanley Hall
Developed tests to measure aptitude and achievement in children
John Dewey
Progressivism – experiences cultivated to learn through reading, writing, hypothesizing, testing, and tracking a real life issues
Eight Year Study
1930 – compared progressive and traditional education and found that the progressive produced more intellectual curiosity, critical thinking and judgment
Philosophy of Education
The foundation to frame work and decisions about teaching
Lev Vygotsky
Social development theory plays a major role in cognitive development
Robert Havighurst
Believed development tasks must be mastered to develop normally. Six stages of development and growth
Jean Piaget
Cognitive development theory – facts, concepts, and principles learned in for major stages; 1) sensorimotor 2)pre-operational 3) concrete 4) formal operations
Jerome Bruener
Believed that a series of developmental steps/stages are encountered as we mature 1) action 2) imagery 3)symbolism
Benjamin Bloom
Taxonomy of educational objectives. Believed learning outcomes are predicted by three factors 1) cognitive entry behaviors 2) interest 3) Quality of instruction
B. F. Skinner
Behavioral theory – behavior is learned through conditioning
Frederick Douglass
African American education advocate – Vocational training
Booker T. Washington
African American educator. 1880 – Tusky Institute
Maria Montessori
Created a method where children worked independently with the guidance of a teacher. Casa dei Bambini
Ella Fagg Young
1909 – Chicago superintendent. First female president of. National EducationAssociation. Studied under John at Dewey at 50 years old
Education in the early colonies
In the northern colonies, schools were set up by government authority, whereas in the southern and middle colonies schools were run by private authorities (such as religious in middle colonies)
Dame Schools
The basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic (the 3Rs) were taught in women’s homes
Latin Grammar Schools
Early schools consisting of Latin and Greek for aspiring government leaders
English Schools
1751 – Benjamin Franklin proposed first English school academy teaching skills that would serve citizens in their endeavors
Thomas Jefferson
Believed that only with an educated populace could a free government and foundation of democracy be secure
Horace Mann
Father of American education – fought to establish a universal system of public education to bring about equality
Common Schools
Brought a common experience in a diverse nation
Old Deluder Satan Act
1647 –50+ families were required to have one teacher, 100+ families were required to have a school
State Education Agency
A state agency that makes educational policies and regulations
Monitorial System
A system where older students and start younger students under a teacher
Western 21st Century Philosophies
What should the aims be? What is knowledge? What is the knowledge of most worth? What values should be taught? What is learning and how should it be assessed?
Aesthetic Philosophy
What is beauty and art? – Drama, music, art, writing and literature
Ethics Philosophy
(Axiology) what is the nature of values? – Good and bad behavior
Logic Philosophy
Deductive or inductive disciplined and critical thinking and reasoning
Deductive- General principal to specific conclusion
Inductive – specific principle to a generalization
Essentialism
Based on the assumption that students should learn the facts about the social and physical world. Moving from simple to more complex.
Emphasizes respect for others and authority, loyalty, hard work, and becoming a model citizen.
Progressivism
All learning is active, intellectual, social and emotional, and the curriculum should begin with interests and experiences (John Dewey).
Emphasizes on critical thinking and problem-solving, self-respect and respect for others, classroom community, cooperation and collaboration, discussion and dialogue.
Perenialism
All learning should be focused on unchanging principles or great ideas.
Emphasizes on the seat work, guided lessons, structure dialogue, expanding intellectual rational through study of; laws of nature, science, math, and literature.
Social Reconstructionism
Fosters active participants in society through study of social problems and aims to create a more just society.
Emphasizes critical thinking skills to identify, question, challenge and solve crisis in society
Behaviorism
B. F. Skinner- students influenced by controlling stimuli, environment highly organized, based on behavior all objectives, reward system used. Knowledge is observable.
Positivism
Utilizes scientific evidence. Reality is explained by laws of matter and motion. Rejects the leaves about mind, spirit, consciousness.
Teacher Center Philosophies
Essentialism
Behaviorism
Positivism
Student Centered Philosophies
Progressivism
Humanism
Constructivism
Humanism
Education should enhance innate goodness, develop free, self actualizing person, and start with the individual
Constructivism
Hands on activity, critical thinking, variety of learning activities. Knowledge is gained from experience and active learning
Erasmus
Developed humanist theory of education (Dutch)
Frederich Frobel
Laid a foundation for modern education and established kindergarten. Believed women are best suited to teach young children
John Locke
Believe children’s minds are blank slates and needed a nonthreatening environment in order to learn
Socrates
Created the Socratic method – use of question lead teaching.
