HISTOLOGY : urinary system

Question 1

Answer 1

Question 2

what run between the renal pyramids?

Answer 2

renal columns = extensions of cortex

Question 3

what is a renal sinus?

Answer 3

fatty tissue surrounding renal pelvis

Question 4

what are the 2 layers of the Bowman’s capsule?

Answer 4

visceral layer adjacent to actual glomerulus, then an outer parietal layer

Question 5

how does filtrate get from the glomerulus to the collecting duct?

Answer 5

filtrate from glomerulus filters through the visceral layer into the space between the visceral and parietal layer — bowmann’s space — then into tubules (PCT—LOH—DCT—collecting tubules — collecting duct)

Question 6

collecting duct goes down into the ____ and into the _____

Answer 6

• papilla
• minor calyx

Question 7

what are the 2 main types of nephron?

Answer 7

• cortical = throughout cortex. most of the nephron is in the cortex itself. part of the loop of henle goes into medulla

• juxtomedullary = glomerulus is close to junction between cortex and medulla. the corpuscle and PCT are within cortex but the loop of henle goes right down into the medulla in the medullary pyramids

Question 8

Answer 8

Question 9

what do interlobar arteries pass through?

Answer 9

renal columns

Question 10

what do interlobar arteries do when they reach the junction between the medulla and cortex?

Answer 10

turn an angle of 90 degrees and five off arcuate arteries

Question 11

what give off interlobular arteries?

Answer 11

arcuate arteries

Question 12

what does interlobular artery lead to?

Answer 12

afferent arteriole

Question 13

what wrap around the loop of henle?

Answer 13

vasa recta

Question 14

what wrap around tubules?

Answer 14

peritubular capillaries

Question 15

what are the renal corpuscules?

Answer 15

glomerulus and Bowmann’s capsule

Question 16

describe histology of PCT

Answer 16

simple cuboidal epithelium, brush border (microvilli for lots of absoprtion)

Question 17

describe histology of DCT

Answer 17

simple cuboidal epithelium, NO brush border, larger lumen than PCT

Question 18

what 2 poles do nephrons have?

Answer 18

1. vascular = where the afferent and efferent arteriole one in and leave
2. urinary = where proximal tubule leaves from Bowmann’s space

Question 19

what are macula densa?

Answer 19

specialised cells within the DCT. sensitive to Na conc

Question 20

macula densa are adjectent to the _____ arteriole where there are specialised cells called ______ that produce renin if blood flow/BP in kidney ____

Answer 20

• afferent
• juxtaglomerular cells
• falls

Question 21

where does the DCT often come up?

Answer 21

between afferent and efferent arteriole, seen at vascualr pole

Question 22

what poles are DCT vs PCT usualyl seen at?

Answer 22

DCT = vascular
PCT = urinary

Question 23

epithelium of thick descending limb of LOH?

Answer 23

cuboidal

Question 24

epithelium of thin descending and ascending limbs of LOH?

Answer 24

simple squamous

Question 25

epithelium of thick ascending limb of LOH?

Answer 25

low cuboidal

Question 26

epithelium of collecting tubules?

Answer 26

low cuboidal

Question 27

epithelium of vasa recta?

Answer 27

simple squamous

Question 28

what appear to have the thickest vs thinnest walls?

Answer 28

thickest = collecting ducts
thinnest - thin loops of henle

Question 29

what is the ureter?

Answer 29

muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder

Question 30

what are the 3 layers of the ureter?

Answer 30

1. mucosa
2. muscularis
3. adventitia

Question 31

describe the mucosa of the ureter

Answer 31

• arranged in folds to allow expansion of tube as urine passes down it
• transitional epithelium
• thick lamina propria

Question 32

describe the muscularis layer of the ureter

Answer 32

• inner longitudinal layer
• outer circular layer
• lower 1/3 has extra outer longitudinal layer

Question 33

describe the adventitia of the ureter

Answer 33

• connective tissue
• contains arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves

Question 34

describe transitional epithelium

Answer 34

stratified epithelium : 3-6 layers
- basal layers - cuboidal
- intermediate layers - columnar
- surface layer (umbrella cells) - ovoid

impermeable to water

Question 35

what are the different layers of the bladder?

Answer 35

• mucosa
• muscularis
• adventitia

Question 36

describe the mucosa of the bladder

Answer 36

• arranged in folds (rugae) so it can expand
• transitional epithelium
• thick lamina propria

Question 37

describe the muscularis layer of the bladder

Answer 37

• inner longitudinal
• middle circular
• outer longitudinal

collectively called the DETRUSOR muscle

Question 38

describe the adventitia of the bladder

Answer 38

connective tissue containing arteries, veins, lymphatics and nerves

Question 39

what does the urethra extend from and to?

Answer 39

internal urethral orifice to the external urethral orifice

Question 40

what are the different sections of the male urethra? which parts are lined by transitional epithelium? what are the other parts lined by?

Answer 40

• intramural (preprostatic)
• prostatic
• intermembranous (intermediate)
• spongy

> first 2 parts lined by transitional epithelium
last 2 lined by stratified epithelium — can be columnar of cuboidal. in glans penis it is stratified squamous

Question 41

what are the 2 parts of the suprarenal (adrenal) gland?

Answer 41

cortex and medulla

Question 42

what are the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland derived from?

Answer 42

• cortex = mesoderm
• medulla = ectoderm

Question 43

what do the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland synthesise?

Answer 43

cortex - steroid hormones
medulla - adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 44

what are the different parts of the cortex of the adrenal gland and what do they secrete?

Answer 44

outer to inner:

1. zona glomerulosa — mineralocorticoids
2. zona fasicularis — corticosteroids
3. zona reticularis — androgenic steroids

Question 45

Answer 45