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ANATOMY SEM 4 > HISTOLOGY : GI tract 1 > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY : GI tract 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the layers of the GIT?

A
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2
Q

what forms the lining of the tract?

A

mucosa

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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium — protective secretive and/or absorptive
  2. lamina propria — connective tissue containing vessels, glands and lymphoid tissue
  3. muscularis mucosa — smooth muscle (inner circular, outer longitudinal), moves the mucosa
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4
Q

describe submucosa

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • supports the mucosa and provides vascular, lymphatic and nerve supplies
  • glands present in some regions
  • contains the submucosal (meissener’s) plexus
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5
Q

describe the muscularis externa/propria

A
  • smooth muscle cells — inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • responsible for GI movements (peristalsis, segmentation)
  • contains the myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus
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6
Q

location of meissener’s vs Auerbach’s plexus

A

submucosal/meissener’s = submucosa

myenteric/Auerbach’s = muscularis externa

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7
Q

what is serosa?

A

a serous membrane that covers those structures within the peritoneal cavity

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8
Q

extraperitoneal structures are attached to surrounding structures by connective tissue fibres that form the what?

A

adventitia

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9
Q

what is the outer layer?

A

serosa (peritoneum) or adventitia (extraperitoneal)

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10
Q

describe the enteric nervous system

A
  • submucosal and myenteric nerve plexuses
  • initiates short reflexes — controls local peristalsis and glandular secretions
  • responsible for long GI reflexes
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11
Q

what is responsible for long GI reflexes?

A

postganglionic neurones of the ANS

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12
Q

submucosal/meissener’s plexus vs myenteric plexus

A

submucosal/Meissner’s plexus = in submucosa. controls mainly GI secretion and local blood flow

myenteric plexus = between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers. controls motility

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13
Q
A
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14
Q
A
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15
Q

what cells are present in gastric pits and glands?

A

surface lining, mucous neck, parietal, chief, neuroendocrine

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16
Q

what cells produce mucus in gastric pits/glands?

A

surface lining and mucous neck cells

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17
Q

what do parietal cells do?

A

secrete HCl

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18
Q

what do chief cells do?

A

secrete pepsinogen

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19
Q

what do neuroendocrine cells secrete?

A

hormones

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20
Q

gastric glands extend through ____ right down to _____?

A

glands extend through lamina propria right down to muscularis mucosa

21
Q

what type of epithelium is in oesophagus?

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous — protection

22
Q

what does the submucosa in the oesophagus contain?

A

protective mucus glands

23
Q

describe how oesophageal muscle changes throughout its length

A

upper 1/3 = skeletal
middle 1/3 = mixed
lower 1/3 = smooth

24
Q

what are rugae?

A
  • mucosal folds in the stomach
  • flatten out when the stomach is full
25
Q

what do gastric pits lead to?

A

gastric glands in lamina propria

26
Q

what lies beneath the gastric glands?

A

muscularis mucosa

27
Q

what are the nuclei like in epithelial cells in the stomach pits?

A

by basement membrane

28
Q

what type of cells are the epithelial cells in the stomach?

A

simple columnar — secretive and absorbtive

29
Q

how is the stomach muscle different?

A

has an extra layer for churning

inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal

30
Q

what is the outer layer in stomach?

A

serosa — peritoneal

31
Q

what are modifications of the small intestine to increase SA?

A
  • plicae circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli
32
Q

where are plicae circulares most prominent?

A

jejunum

33
Q

describe villi

A

> extend from plicae circulares
- core of lamina propria
- lacteal
- blood vessels

34
Q
A
35
Q

where and what are Brunner’s glands?

A
  • in submucosa of duodenum
  • secrete an alkaline mucosa to neutralise the chyme entering the duodenum
36
Q

epithelium in small intestine?

A

simple columnar

37
Q

where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

between the 2 layers of smooth muscle (outer longitudinal and inner circular)

38
Q

what do villi have lots of?

A

lymphocytes
microvilli

39
Q

why does the ileum have not as much absoprtion?

A

fewer plicae

40
Q

what are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • round aggregations of lymphoid tissue
  • specific to ileum
  • in lamina propria
  • push into submucosa
41
Q

describe the order from caecum to rectum

A
  1. caecum
  2. ascending colon
  3. hepatic flexure
  4. transverse colon
  5. splenic flexure
  6. descending colon
  7. sigmoid colon
  8. rectum
42
Q

what are teniae coli?

A

bands of longitudinal smooth muscle in the colon

43
Q

what are epiploic appendages?

A
  • fat filled structures
  • suspended from outer layer of large intestine
44
Q

what parts of the colon have adventitia and which parts have a serosa?

A
  • ascending and descending colon = retroperitoneal = adventitia
  • transverse and sigmoid = intraperitoneal = serosa
45
Q

crypts in the large intestine go down to which layer?

A

muscularis mucosa

46
Q

describe crypts

A
  • tall cytoplasm
  • basal nuceli
  • simple columnar
  • have microvilli for h2O absorption
47
Q
A
48
Q

appendix histology?

A

ANATOMY SEM 4 (12 decks)

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