HISTOLOGY : accessory organs of digestion

Question 1

what are the major salivary glands?

Answer 1

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

Question 2

what type of secretions do each of the major salivary glands produce?

Answer 2

1. parotid = serous
2. submandibular = seromucous (mainly serious)
3. sublingual = seromucous (mainly mucous)

Question 3

salivary glands are surrounded by a _________ with ______ that divide the gland into lobules

Answer 3

• connective tissue capsule
• septa

Question 4

what type of glands are salivary glands?

Answer 4

compound tubuloacinar glands — branching duct system, secretory component (tubular and acinar)

Question 5

what is the order of excretory ducts from smallest to largest?

Answer 5

1. intercalated ducts
2. striated ducts
3. intralobular ducts
4. interlobular ducts
5. interlobar ducts

Question 6

describe intercalated ducts

Answer 6

small, tiny lumen, simple low cuboidal epithelium

Question 7

describe striated ducts

Answer 7

formed by merging intercalated ducts, simple columnar epithelium

Question 8

describe intralobular ducts

Answer 8

formed by merging striated ducts, gradually increase in size and surround by CT

Question 9

describe interlobular ducts

Answer 9

epithelium may be pseudostratified

Question 10

describe interlobar ducts

Answer 10

pseudostratified or stratified, may possess cilia, eventually convey saliva into oral cavity

Question 11

what run throguh the connective tissue that forms the septa between lobules?

Answer 11

blood vessels and nerves

Question 12

watch vids again

Answer 12

alright

Question 13

describe the pancreas

Answer 13

• exocrine and endocrine gland
• has a connective tissue capsule and septa, divided into lobules

Question 14

describe the exocrine component of the pancreas

Answer 14

acini — secretory component - secretes enzymes
duct system:P
intercalated —> intralobular —> interlobular —> main pancreatic ducts

Question 15

epithelium in pancreatic intercalated ducts

Answer 15

simple cuboidal

Question 16

epithelium in pancreatic interlobular ducts

Answer 16

simple/stratified cuboidal/columnar

Question 17

epithelium in pancreatic main ducts

Answer 17

tall columnar

Question 18

describe the endocrine component of the pancreas

Answer 18

• islets of Langerhans — secrete hormones directly into blood, and glucagon
• cells and sections?

Question 19

how does connective tissue change surrounding the ducts as you get further down? (pancreas)

Answer 19

becomes more abundant

Question 20

what does the main pancreatic duct also have in its wall?

Answer 20

some smooth msucel cells

Question 21

what’s forms the hepatopancratic ampulla?

Answer 21

the union of the main pancreatic duct with the bile duct

Question 22

what is the liver covered by?

Answer 22

Glisson’s capsule

Question 23

what tightly packed cells form the liver?

Answer 23

hepatocytes

Question 24

what can the liver functionally be divided into?

Answer 24

lobules

Question 25

what do hepatic arteries deliver?

Answer 25

blood rich in oxygen

Question 26

what does the portal vein deliver?

Answer 26

blood rich in nutrients

Question 27

what do the hepatic ducts do?

Answer 27

transport bile away

Question 28

what are the structures of the porta hepatis?

Answer 28

hepatic arteries, portal vein, hepatic ducts

Question 29

where do hepatic veins leave the liver?

Answer 29

NOT VIA THE PORTA HEPATIS leave from the back of the liver and drain into the IVC directly

Question 30

what 3 types of surface do hepatocytes have?

Answer 30

1. sinusoidal = between cell and blood sinusoids (70%) 2. canalicular = between cell and bile canaliculi (15%) 3., intercellular = between adjacent cells (15%)

Question 31

what are blood sinusoids?

Answer 31

- capillaries with leaky/no basement membrane in the liver — allow large particles to cross - located between plates of hepatocytes - lead down to centre of lobule into central vein

Question 32

what do portal triads contain?

Answer 32

- terminal branch of hepatic artery - terminal branch of portal vein - bile ductule

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

what would the arrangement of liver lobules look like?

Answer 34

Question 35

blood from the hepatic artery and portal vein flows where?

Answer 35

down the sinusoid into the central vein

Question 36

what are taken out of blood as it flows down sinusoid?

Answer 36

nutrients and O2

Question 37

what leave the hepatocyte and enter the sinusoid?

Answer 37

CO2 and other waste products

Question 38

what happens to bile made by hepatocytes?

Answer 38

passes down the bile canaliculi back into the triad then to hepatic ducts out into the biliary system

Question 39

nutrients and O2 cross what surface of the hepatocyte?

Answer 39

sinusoidal

Question 40

how does blood from liver end back in circulation?

Answer 40

central vein —> hepatic veins —> IVC —> circulation

Question 41

epithelium of bile ductules?

Answer 41

simple cuboidal

Question 42

epithelium of artery?

Answer 42

simple squamous

Question 43

bile leaves the liver at ______ in the _________

Answer 43

at porta hepatis in the right and left hepatic ducts

Question 44

what happens when you eat a fatty meal so bile can enter the duodenum?

Answer 44

fat enters duodenum —> CCK secreted —> causes sphincter of Oddi to relax and the GB to contract —> so bile can enter the duodenum

Question 45

what happens if there is no fat in the duodenum?

Answer 45

sphincter of Oddi is closed and so bile back tracks up the bile duct, down the cystic duct and into the GB where it is concentrated and stored

Question 46

what do the right and left hepatic ducts form?

Answer 46

common hepatic duct

Question 47

what does the common hepatic duct join with and form?

Answer 47

joins with cystic duct to form the common bile duct

Question 48

what does the commin bile duct merge wiht and form?

Answer 48

merges with pancreatic duct to form the hepatopancratic ampulla of vater — into duodeum

Question 49

what does the gall bladder do?

Answer 49

stores and concentrates bile

Question 50

what are the 3 layers of the gall bladder?

Answer 50

- mucosa (inner) - muscle layer = muscularis externa - outer fibrous layer = adventitia (up against liver) and serosa (remaining)

Question 51

on what layer of the GB does CCK work on?

Answer 51

muscle (muscularis externa)

Question 52

describe the mucosa of the gall bladder

Answer 52

- rugae - simple columnar epithelium with microvilli - thick, highly vascularised lamina propria - no MI or submucsoa

Question 53

mucosa of the GB is folded into what?

Answer 53

rugae

Question 54

where are the nuceli in the epithelium of the GB mucosa?

Answer 54

simple columnar epithelium wiht BASALLY located nuceli

Question 55

mucosa of GB has a highly vascularised what?

Answer 55

lamina propria (contains ltos of lymphocytes)