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GI exam #1 > Histology of the upper GI tract: Esophagus and stomach > Flashcards

Histology of the upper GI tract: Esophagus and stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What is the outer layer of the esophagus called?

A

adventitia

-it’s serosa for the rest of the GI tract

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2
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

vascularized loose CT under the epithelial layer

-lymphatic nodules and scattered immunocompitent cells

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3
Q

In what layer are glands present in the esophagus and the duodenum?

A

the submucosa

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4
Q

What are rugae (stomach) or Plicae (small intestine)?

A

folds that include both mucosa and submucosa

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5
Q

What extends alone into the lumen as villi?

A

mucosa

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6
Q

What does contraction of the circular muscle layer do?

A

reduces the lumen

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7
Q

What does contraction of the longitudinal muscle layer do?

A

shortens the tube

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8
Q

What is the difference between adventitia and serosa?

A
  • adventitia is outside the peritoneal cavity while the serosa is IN the peritoneal cavity
  • serosa seems to have more stuff in it
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9
Q

What does the lower esophageal sphincter do?

A

helps prevent reflux through contraction

-must relax to let the food through

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10
Q

What is the muscle like going down the esophagus?

A

goes from skeletal to smooth

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11
Q

What is the main difference between the esophagus and the stomach epithelium

A

Esoph has stratified squamous

-stomach has simple columnar

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12
Q

What is Barret’s esohpagus?

A

when abnormal columnar epithelium replaces the stratified squamous in the esophagus
-result of chronic GERD and predisposed to adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

What kinds of cells are in the gastric glands?

A 
mucous neck cells
chief cells
parietal cells
stem cells
gastroenteroendocrine cells
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14
Q

What do mucous cells do?

A

2 classes

  • both produce mucins which are glycoproteins
  • make the protective mucus blanket which traps bicarb
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15
Q

What do chief cells do?

A

rapidly exocytose the pepsinogen in response to feeding

-not present in cardiac glands or pyloric antrum

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16
Q

What do parietal cells do?

A

make HCl and intrinsic factor

-they also have CA and the H+/K+ ATPase on the microvilli

17
Q

What causes autoimmune gastritis?

A

autoantibodies to the ATPase and intrinsic factor

-results in lower acid in gastric juice and lower intrinsic factor

18
Q

What is a secondary effect of autoimmune gastritis?

A

B12 deficiency which disrupts the formation of RBC’s int he bone marrow, leading to pernicious anemia

19
Q

What stimulates parietal cells to secret HCl?

A

Parasympathetic Ach and the peptide gastrin made by the enteroendocrine cells of the pyloric antrum
*Ach also stimulates the release of gastrin

20
Q

What was the bacteria that can live in the hostlie environment of the stomach?

A

Helicobacter pylori

-no clinical symptoms… can lead to peptic ulcers and adenocarcinoma

21
Q

What are the functions of the gastroenteroendocrine cells?

A
  • to make gastrin
  • regulate water and electrolyte metabolism and enzyme secretion
  • regulate GI motility and mucosal growth
  • stimulation of the release of other peptide hormones
22
Q

What is secretin?

A
  • released by cells in the duodenal glands of lieberkuhn
  • stimulates pancreatic and duodenal bicarb and fluid release to control the gastric acid secretion and regulates the pH of the exocrine pancreas
  • also stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen and inhibits gastrin release to reduce HCl secretion in the stomach
23
Q

What does gastrin do?

A

stimulates production of HCl by parietal cells

-Gastrin is made by G cells in pyloric antrum

24
Q

What does CCK do?

A

produced by duodenum
-stimulate gall bladder contraction and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi when protein and fat-rich chyme enters the duodenum

25
Q

What doe GIP do?

A

stimulates insulin release when GLc is detected in the SI

-also made by the duodenum

26
Q

What does Motilin do?

A

It is just released cyclically when fasting, neural control mechanism regulates it

27
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

made in the fundus of the stomach

  • binds receptors in Growth hormone-secreting cells
  • stimulates secretion of growth hormone
  • levels increase during fasting triggering hunger by acting on the hypothalamic feeding centers

GI exam #1 (9 decks)

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