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GIGU Exam 1 > Histology of the Small & Large Intestines > Flashcards

Histology of the Small & Large Intestines Flashcards

1
Q

Organ that is the principal site for digestion of food and absorption of digestion products:

A

Small Intestine

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2
Q

Plicae Circulares

A
  • Transverse folds with a submucosal core
  • Cannot lay flat if distended
  • Visible in jejunum, less so in ileum
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3
Q

Intestinal Villi

A
  • Mucosal folds that project into the lumen
  • Cover the surface of the small intestine
  • Covered with a simple columnar epithelium of enterocytes and goblet cells
  • Core of loose connective tissue with microvasculature and lacteal
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4
Q

Villi are covered with ___ which further increases surface area

A

Microvilli

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5
Q

Goblet Cells

A
  • Located in Intestinal Villi
  • Provide mucus coating to shield from abrasion and bacterial invasion
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6
Q

Small Intestine: Mucosa

A
  • Simple columnar epithelium with tubular intestinal glands
  • Contain Lamina Propria layer and Muscularis Mucosae layer
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7
Q

Small Intestine: Submucosa

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Neurovasculature, lymphatics and glands may be present
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8
Q

Small Intestine: Muscularis

A

Consists of inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

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9
Q

Small Intestine: Serosa

A

Loose connective tissue covered by visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

Small Intestine: Adventitia

A

Covers retroperitoneal segments

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11
Q

Motility of small and large intestines is controlled by:

A

ANS

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12
Q

Components of Enteric Nervous System:

A
  • Sympathetic visceral sensory fibers
  • Parasympathetic (terminal) ganglia
  • Preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetics
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13
Q

Enteric Nervous System is regulated by:

A

Extrinsics –> Preganglionic parasympathetics (vagus and pelvic nerves) and postganglionic sympathetics

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14
Q

Intestinal Glands

A
  • Simple tubular glands lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • Open onto the luminal surface of the intestine at the base of the villi
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15
Q

4 Types of Cells found in Small Intestinal Glands:

A

(1) Paneth Cells
(2) M (microfold) Cells
(3) Intestinal Cells
(4) Enteroendocrine Cells

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16
Q

Intestinal Glands are continuous with:

A

Simple columnar that covers intestinal villi

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17
Q

Paneth Cells: Location

A

Base of intestinal glands

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18
Q

Paneth Cells

A
  • Large, pyramidal-shaped cells at the base of intestinal glands
  • Eosinophilic secretory granules in apical cytoplasm
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19
Q

Paneth Cells: Function

A
  • Functions in innate immunity by secreting antimicrobial substances (lysozyme, alpha defensins)
  • Regulate normal bacterial flora via antibacterial action and phagocytosis
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20
Q

Intestinal Stem Cells

A
  • Located in a niche at crypt base, near Paneth Cells
  • Function in repopulating epithelial lining
  • Daughter cells move out of the crypts then they are able to differentiate into different cell types
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21
Q

Intestinal Stem Cells can Differentiate into:

A
  • Goblet Cells
  • Enterocytes
  • Enteroendocrine Cells
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22
Q

M (Microfold) Cells

A
  • Epithelial cells specialized for transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms
  • Pocket formed by deeply invaginated membrane; contain lymphocytes and macrophages
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23
Q

M (Microfold) Cells: Location

A

Ileal mucosa, overlying Peyer Patches (lymphatic nodules in specific segments of the SI)

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24
Q

M (Microfold) Cells: Apical Surface

A
  • Expresses receptors that bind specific macromolecules and Gram-negative bacteria (ex. E Coli)
  • Internalized and transferred to immune cells
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25
Q

M (Microfold) Cells function as highly specialized:

A

Antigen-Transporting Cells

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26
Q

Gastroduodenal Junction: Pyloris of Stomach

A
  • Thick wall due to the presence of the pyloric sphincter muscle
  • Pyloric glands at the base of each gastric pit
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27
Q

Gastroduodenal Junction: Duodenum

A
  • Abundant duodenal glands in submucosa, DEEP to the muscularis mucosae
  • Secretory mucosa with villi
28
Q

Duodenum: Mucosal Layer

A

Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells

29
Q

Duodenum: Submucosal Layer

A
  • Duodenal Glands: tubuloacinar mucous glands that produce an alkaline secretion
  • Neutralizes acidic chyme
30
Q

Jejunum: Mucosal Layer

A
  • Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells
  • Long, finger-like villi, villus core contains a well-developed lacteal
  • Tubular intestinal glands
  • Lymphoid nodules/follicles in the lamina propria
31
Q

Jejunum: Submucosal Layer

A

No submucosal glands

32
Q

Ileum: Mucosal Layer

A
  • Simple columnar epithelia with scattered goblet cells
  • Villi typically shorter than jejunum
  • Peyer’s Patches: lymphoid nodules (MALT)
  • Paneth cells found at base of intestinal glands
33
Q

Ileum: Submucosal Layers

A

No submucosal glands

34
Q

Functions of Large Intestine

A
  • Absorbs water, sodium, vitamins and minerals
  • Uptake of sedatives, anesthetics and steroids occurs here
35
Q

Hallmarks of Large Intestine

A
  • Intestinal glands
  • Goblet cells
  • NO intestinal villi!!
36
Q

Large Intestine: Mucosal Layer

A
  • Glandular, simple columnar epithelium
  • Lamina Propria and muscularis mucosae are present
  • GALT is extensive and may penetrate submucosa
37
Q

Cells of the Mucosal Layer of the Large Intestine:

A
  • Colonocytes
  • Goblet Cells
  • Stem Cells
  • Enteroendocrine Cells
38
Q

Large Intestine: Submucosal Layer

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Vascularized
39
Q

Large Intestine: Muscularis Layer

A
  • Inner layer is typical
  • Outer longitudinal layer organized into Taenia Coli (will form haustra of LI)
40
Q

Taenia Coli

A
  • Aggregates of fascicles of the outer longitudinal layer
  • Form three spaced bands
41
Q

Intraperitoneal portions of the colon are covered by:

A

Serosa

42
Q

Colon Histology: Glands

A

Consist of simple columnar epithelium with NUMEROUS Goblet Cells

43
Q

Colonocytes

A
  • Located in Large Intestine
  • Have short microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces with interdigitating leaflets of cell membrane (sign of active water transport)
44
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon (Hirschsprung Disease)

A
  • Occurs due to mutations of the RET gene, leading to failure of NCC development in both plexuses of a bowel segment
  • Present in 1 in 5,000 live births
45
Q

RET Gene

A

Required for migration and differentiation of NCC

46
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Short-Segment Disease

A
  • 85% of cases
  • Confined to rectosigmoid region
47
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Long-Segment Disease

A
  • 10% of cases
  • Extends past rectosigmoid region to the splenic flexure
48
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Total Colonic Aganglionosis

A
  • 5% of cases
  • Affects entire colon
49
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Presentation

A
  • Constipation
  • Poor-feeding
  • Progressive abdominal distention
50
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Diagnosis

A
  • Delayed BM <48hrs after birth
  • Rectal biopsy
  • Barium enema
51
Q

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon: Treatment

A

Surgical removal of the affected colon segment

52
Q

Rectum Proper

A
  • Upper part of rectum
  • Typical mucosa with tubular intestinal glands and transverse rectal folds
53
Q

Anal Canal

A
  • Lower part of rectum
  • Contains anal columns with mucosal folds, anal sinuses, and anal glands (extend into the submucosa and muscularis externa)
54
Q

Anal Sinuses

A

Depressions between anal columns

55
Q

Circumanal Glands

A
  • Located in the rectum
  • Large apocrine glands surround the anal orifice
56
Q

3 Features of the Anal Canal:

A

(1) Anal Columns
(2) Anal Sinuses
(3) Anal Glands

57
Q

3 Regions of Anal Canal:

A

(1) Colorectal Zone
(2) Anal Transition Zone (ATZ)
(3) Squamous Zone

58
Q

Anal Canal: Colorectal Zone

A
  • Upper 1/3 of anal canal
  • Simple columnar epithelium that is identical to the rectum
59
Q

Anal Canal: Anal Transitional Zone

A

Transition from simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium of perianal skin

60
Q

Anal Canal: Squamous Zone

A
  • Lower 1/3 of anal canal
  • Stratified squamous epithelium that is continuous with perineal skin
61
Q

Internal Anal Sphincter

A

Thickening of the inner circular layer located at the level of the anus

62
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs

A
  • Partly covered on one side with parietal peritoneum
  • Immobile or fixed
  • Divided into primary and secondary classifications
63
Q

Primary Retroperitoneal Organs

A

Never had mesentery

64
Q

Secondary Retroperitoneal Organs

A

Lost their mesentery during development

65
Q

Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:

A

SAD PUCKER
- Suprarenal glands
- Aorta/ivc
- Duodenum (except first part)
- Pancreas (except tail)
- Ureters
- Colon (ascending, descending) and cysterna chyli
- Kidneys
- Esophagus (anterior, left covered)
- Rectum (upper part)

66
Q

Primary Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:

A
  • Kidneys
  • Adrenal glands
  • Ureters
  • Aorta
  • IVC
  • Rectum
67
Q

Secondary Retroperitoneal Organs/Structures:

A
  • Duodenum (descending, horizontal)
  • Pancreas (head, neck, body)
  • Ascending colon
  • Descending colon

GIGU Exam 1 (14 decks)

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