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GIGU Exam 1 > Abdominal Urology, Endocrinology & Andrology > Flashcards

Abdominal Urology, Endocrinology & Andrology Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys: Location

A
  • Posterior to the abdominal cavity
  • Level of T12-L3
  • Right kidney lower than the Left
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2
Q

Structures that are Posterior to the Kidneys:

A
  • Quadratus Lumborum M
  • Psoas muscles
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3
Q

Kidneys: Intraperitoneal or Retroperitoneal?

A

Retroperitoneal

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4
Q

Kidneys: Innervation

A
  • Least Splanchnic N
  • Posterior Vagal Trunk via the Renal Plexus from the Aorticorenal Ganglion
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5
Q

Right Kidney is associated with:

A
  • Liver
  • Duodenum
  • Ascending Colon
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6
Q

Left Kidney is associated with:

A
  • Stomach
  • Spleen
  • Pancreas
  • Jejunum
  • Descending Colon
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7
Q

Renal Capsule

A

Fibrous outer covering of the Kidney

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8
Q

Perinephric Fat (Perirenal Fat Capsule)

A
  • Layer of fat that lies immediately outside the kidney capsule
  • Surrounds the kidney, suprarenal glands, and the structures entering the kidney via the renal hilum
  • Enters renal sinus
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9
Q

Renal Fascia (Gerota Fascia)

A
  • Fascial layer surrounding the perinephric fat
  • Covers the suprarenal glands, and the nuerovasculature entering the renal hilum; continues down the ureter
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10
Q

Superior aspect of the Renal Fascia attaches to the:

A

Diaphragm

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11
Q

Paranephric Fat (Paranephric Body)

A
  • Most superficial layer of fat around the kidney
  • This layer is enclosed by the fascia of the surrounding muscles
  • Aids in stabilizing the kidneys
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12
Q

Renal Blood Supply comes from the ___ ___ and returns to the ___ ___ ___

A
  • Abdominal Aorta
  • IVC
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13
Q

Renal Artery

A

From renal aorta

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14
Q

Segmental Artery

A
  • First branching point of renal artery
  • Feed the superior, anterosuperior, anteroinferior, inferior and posterior renal segments
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15
Q

Interlobar Artery

A

Found in the renal columns within the medulla

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16
Q

Arcuate Artery

A

Curves around the top of the renal pyramids

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17
Q

Cortical Radiate Artery (Interlobular Artery)

A

Runs into the cortex towards the medulla

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18
Q

Cortical Radiate Vein

A

Runs from the cortex

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19
Q

Arcuate Vein

A

Curves around the top of the Renal Pyramid

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20
Q

Interlobar Vein

A

Runs within the column

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21
Q

Interlobar Veins join to form the:

A

Renal Vein

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22
Q

Renal Vein

A

Travel to the IVC

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23
Q

Which Renal Vein is longer?

A

Left

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24
Q

The Left Renal Vein also receives input from:

A

Left Gonadal Vein

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25
Q

Renal Hilum (Hilus)

A
  • Notch-like structure on the medial aspect of the kidney
  • Where the neurovasculature and ureter for the kidney enters/exits (Renal V, Renal A, Renal Lymphatic Vessel, Nerves to Kidneys)
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26
Q

Renal Sinus

A
  • Area surrounding the hilum inside the kidney
  • Often filled with fat, an extension of the perinephric fat layer
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27
Q

Renal Cortex

A
  • Outer layer of the kidney that is deep into the renal capsule
  • Runs around the edge of the kidney
  • Contains the renal corpuscles
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28
Q

Renal Column

A

Extension of the renal cortex into the medulla

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29
Q

Renal Lobe

A

Renal Pyramid plus surrounding Renal Columns

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30
Q

Renal Medulla

A
  • Inner part of the kidney
  • Within this area is the renal columns and pyramids
  • Surrounds the renal sinus and urine-collecting structures
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31
Q

Renal Pyramid (Medullary Pyramid)

A
  • Part of the renal medulla that contains the nephron tubules for filtration and collecting ducts for urine
  • Located between the columns
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32
Q

Renal Papilla

A
  • Tip of the renal pyramid
  • Allows urine created by the renal pyramid to drain from it into the minor calyx
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33
Q

Minor Calyx

A

Funnel-like structures that surround the renal papilla and collect urine from it

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34
Q

Major Calyx

A
  • Part of the urine collecting system
  • Created when the minor calyxes merge
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35
Q

Renal Pelvis

A
  • Created when the Major Calyxes merge
  • Extends out from the kidney at the hilum and transitions into the ureter
  • Allows the urine created by the kidney to leave the kidney
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36
Q

Ureter

A
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Muscular duct that comes off the renal pelvis and begins the urinary tract
  • Runs inferiorly passing over the pelvic brim around the level of the Common Iliac Bifurcation, then follows the lateral pelvic wall to enter the urinary bladder at an oblique angle
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37
Q

In males, the ureter runs behind the:

A

Ductus Deferens

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38
Q

In females, the ureter runs behind the:

A

Uterine Artery

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39
Q

3 Locations of Ureteric Constrictions:

A

(1) Ureteropelvic Junction (junction of ureter with renal pelvis)
(2) Crossing the Pelvic Brim
(3) Ureterovesical Junction (where ureter enters urinary bladder)

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40
Q

Vascular Supply of Ureters:

A
  • Renal A
  • Gonadal A
  • Aortic Vessels
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41
Q

Suprarenal Gland (Adrenal Gland)

A
  • Located superior to the kidney, lying between the kidney and the diaphragm
  • Surrounded by Perinephric Fat and Renal Fascia
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42
Q

Right Suprarenal Gland is associated with:

A
  • Right Crus of the Diaphragm
  • IVC
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43
Q

Left Suprarenal Gland is associated with:

A
  • Left Crus of the Diaphragm
  • Spleen
  • Stomach
  • Pancreas
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44
Q

Suprarenal Cortex

A
  • Outer part of the suprarenal gland
  • Secretes corticosteroids and androgens
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45
Q

Suprarenal Medulla

A
  • Inner part of the suprarenal gland
  • Has a strong sympathetic nervous tissue component
  • Releases hormones via presynaptic neural activation for the sympathetic response activation
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46
Q

Suprarenal Cortex is embryonically derived from:

A

Mesoderm

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47
Q

Suprarenal Medulla is embryonically derived from:

A

Neural Crest Cells

48
Q

Pancreas

A
  • Foregut organ
  • Retroperitoneal except for the tail in the splenorenal ligament
  • Located around L1-L2
  • Responsible for secreting pancreatic juice for digestion and hormones
49
Q

Structure that is Anterior to the Pancreas:

A

Stomach (Lesser Sac)

50
Q

Structures that are Posterior to the Pancreas:

A
  • Aorta
  • IVC
  • Left Kidney
  • Left Suprarenal Gland
51
Q

What two organs surround the Pancreas?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Spleen
52
Q

Head of the Pancreas

A
  • Located on the Right side
  • Surrounded by the descending and horizontal parts of the duodenum
  • Bile duct lies posterior to the head
53
Q

Head of the Pancreas is associated with the:

A

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (where the pancreatic and bile ducts come together)

54
Q

Head of the Pancreas: Uncinate Process

A
  • Inferior projection towards the Left
  • Located behind the Superior Mesenteric A
55
Q

Neck of the Pancreas

A
  • Short aspect of the pancreas to the left of the head
  • Lies near the Pylorus of the Stomach
56
Q

Structure that is Posterior to the Neck of the Pancreas:

A

Superior Mesenteric Vessels

57
Q

The Neck of the Pancreas is the location of ___ ___ formation

A

Portal Vein (Mesenteric + Splenic Vs)

58
Q

Body of the Pancreas

A
  • Between the Neck and the Tail
  • Lies over the Aorta, L Kidney and Suprarenal Gland, Splenic V, and Diaphragm
  • Located around level of L1-L2
59
Q

Structure that is located along the top of the Body of the Pancreas:

A

Splenic Artery

60
Q

The Body of the Pancreas forms the floor of the ___ ___

A

Lesser Sac (Omental Bursa)

61
Q

Tail of the Pancreas

A
  • Left-most aspect of the pancreas
  • Located within the Splenorenal Ligament (also contains the Splenic A and V)
62
Q

Structures associated with the Tail of the Pancreas:

A
  • Spleen
  • Left Colic Flexure
63
Q

What is the only part of the Pancreas that is Intraperitoneal?

A

Tail of the Pancreas

64
Q

Main Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)

A
  • Part of the Pancreas responsible for collecting the pancreatic secretions used for digestion
  • Begins at the tail of the pancreas and travels through the length to the head; exits the pancreas traveling inferiorly to help create the hepatopancreatic ampulla with bile duct
65
Q

Accessory Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Santorini)

A
  • Variable duct within the pancreas that has the same function as the main pancreatic duct
  • May or may not connect with the main duct
  • Can have a connection and release point into the duodenum via the Minor Duodenal Papilla
66
Q

Gallbladder

A

Helps store and concentrate bile produced in the liver

67
Q

Gallbladder: Location

A
  • Located in the fossa of the gallbladder on the inferior (visceral) surface of the liver
  • Anterior to the duodenum
68
Q

Fundus of the Gallbladder

A
  • Projects towards the body wall around the 9th costal cartilage
  • Farthest from the cystic duct which allows bile to enter and leave the gallbladder
69
Q

Body of the Gallbladder

A
  • Main portion of the gallbladder that attaches to the inferior surface of the liver
  • Lies between the fundus and the neck
70
Q

Neck of the Gallbladder

A
  • Narrowing, tapering end of the gallbladder near the Porta Hepatis that serves as the entrance and exit of the structure
  • Lies between the body of the gallbladder and the Cystic Duct
71
Q

Biliary Duct

A

Responsible for moving the bile from the liver and gallbladder into the GI Tract

72
Q

Cystic Duct

A

Structure that connects the neck of the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct to form the bile duct

73
Q

Spiral Fold (Spiral Valves of Heister)

A
  • Located within the Cystic Duct
  • Mucosa spirals to form a valve-like structure
  • Helps with the control of bile within the biliary system
74
Q

Right & Left Hepatic Duct

A
  • Collect the bile from the smaller, internal ducts within the Right and Left lobes of the liver
  • Contain canaliculi that merge to form interlobular biliary ducts that then merge to form the bile ducts then hepatic ducts
75
Q

Bile Canaliculi collect bile from the ___

A

Hepatocytes

76
Q

Canaliculi merge to form:

A

Interlobular Biliary Ducts

77
Q

Interlobular Ducts merge to form:

A

Bile Ducts

78
Q

Bile Ducts merge to form:

A

Right and Left Hepatic Ducts

79
Q

Left and Right Hepatic Ducts merge to form:

A

Common Hepatic Duct

80
Q

Common Hepatic Duct

A
  • Located near the Porta Hepatis
  • Combines the bile from the right and left hepatic ducts from the right and left liver lobes
81
Q

Bile Duct (Common Bile Duct)

A
  • Created by the fusion of the common hepatic duct from the liver and the cystic duct from the gallbladder
  • Runs within the Hepatoduodenal Ligament (Lesser Omentum) to reach the posterior Duodenum
82
Q

The common bile duct passes posterior to the ___ of the _____ and comes together with the ___ ___ ___ to form the ____ ____

A
  • Head of the Pancreas
  • Main Pancreatic Duct
  • Hepatopancreatic Ampulla
83
Q

The sphincter of the bile duct controls the:

A

Release of bile into the ampulla

84
Q

Major Duodenal Papilla and its sphincter allow the release of bile and pancreatic secretions into the ____ part of the ___

A

Descending part of the Duodenum

85
Q

Spermatic Cord

A
  • Bundle of muscle fibers and neurovascular structures that exit the body through the inguinal canal
  • Runs from the deep inguinal ring through the inguinal canal and exits the superficial ring
  • Supports the tested and epididymis that are located outside the body within the scrotum
86
Q

Structures found within the Spermatic Cord:

A
  • Ductus Deferens
  • Testicular A
  • Pampiniform Venous Plexus
  • Cremasteric A
  • Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N
  • Autonomic N Fibers
  • Lymphatic Vessels
87
Q

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

A
  • Muscular tube that runs from the epididymis to the ampulla of the ductus deferens that is posterior to the urinary bladder
  • Conveys sperm made in the testis inside the body for ejaculation
88
Q

Artery of the Ductus Deferens

A
  • Branch off the inferior vesical artery (anterior division of the internal iliac after the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta)
  • Supplies the ductus deferens
89
Q

Testicular Artery

A
  • Vessel that branches from the abdominal aorta near the inferior mesenteric artery
  • Runs through the spermatic cord to supply the testis and the epididymis
90
Q

Pampiniform Venous Plexus

A
  • Network of veins within the spermatic cord that help with heat maintenance (counter-current heat exchange)
  • Veins converge near the exit of the deep inguinal ring to form the testicular vein
91
Q

Cremasteric Artery

A
  • Branch off the inferior epigastric artery (branch off the external iliac artery just superior to the inguinal ligament)
  • Supplies the cremaster muscle
92
Q

Cremaster Muscle

A
  • Created by muscle from internal oblique muscle
  • Helps thermoregulate testis by rasising and lowering testis
  • Innervated by genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
93
Q

Genital Branch of Genitofemoral Artery

A
  • Innervates the cremaster muscle found within the walls surrounding the spermatic cord
  • Branch of the genitofemoral N (part of the lumbar plexus)
94
Q

Autonomic Nerve Fibers of the Spermatic Cord

A
  • These fibers use the ductus deferens and arteries to provide a path to travel through the spermatic cord
  • Provide innervation to the structures within the scrotum
95
Q

Lymphatic Vessels of the Spermatic Cord

A
  • Provide drainage to the associated structures of the spermatic cord and testis
  • Leave and pass to the lumbar lymph nodes for processing (found near the abdominal aorta)
96
Q

Scrotum drains into the:

A

Inguinal Lymph Nodes

97
Q

6 Layers of Abdominal Wall present in the path of the Testes before Descent: Superficial –> Deep

A

(1) Skin
(2) Scarpa’s Fascia
(3) External Abdominal Oblique M & Aponeurosis
(4) Internal Abdominal Oblique M & Aponeurosis
(5) Transversalis Fascia
(6) Peritoneum

98
Q

Layers Surrounding Testis and Spermatic Cord After Descent: Superficial –> Deep

A

(1) Skin
(2) Dartos Fascia & Muscle
(3) External Spermatic Fascia
(4) Cremaster Muscle & Fascia
(5) Internal Spermatic Fascia
(6) Tunica Vaginalis

99
Q

Dartos Fascia

A

Extension of Scarpa’s fascia from the abdomen

100
Q

In men, Dartos Muscle (smooth muscle) aids in:

A

Thermoregulation of the testes by wrinkling scrotal skin when cold

101
Q

In women, Camper’s Fascia joins with ____ Fascia in helping to create the ___ ___

A
  • Scarpa’s
  • Labia Majora
102
Q

External Spermatic Fascia is created from the ___ ____ ___ ___

A

External Oblique Muscle Aponeurosis

103
Q

Cremaster Fascia is created by muscle fibers from the ____ _____ muscle & aponeurosis

A

Internal Oblique

104
Q

Cremaster Muscle is innervated by:

A

Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N

105
Q

Cremaster Muscle: Function

A

Helps regulate the testis temperature by raising and lowering the testis

106
Q

Internal Spermatic Fascia

A
  • The Transversalis Fascia that is brought with the testes
  • Immediately surrounds the contents of the Spermatic Cord
107
Q

Tunica Vaginalis

A
  • Remnants of the process vaginalis
  • Made of the peritonuem
  • Serous Membrane, so has a visceral and parietal layer that surrounds the testis and epididymis
  • Majority of this layer is found in the scrotum
108
Q

In the Spermatic Cord, the Transversalis Fascia becomes the:

A

Internal Spermatic Fascia

109
Q

In the Spermatic Cord, the Internal Oblique Muscle/Aponeurosis becomes the:

A

Cremaster Muscle & Fascia

110
Q

In the Spermatic Cord, the External Oblique Muscle/Aponeurosis becomes the:

A

External Spermatic Fascia

111
Q

Movement of the gonads in the female is driven by ___, ____, and ___ during development

A
  • Hormones
  • Timing
  • Signaling
112
Q

Round Ligament of the Uterus is the remnant of the:

A

Gubernaculum

113
Q

Round Ligament of the Uterus

A
  • Runs from the uterus inside the pelvic cavity through the deep and superficial inguinal rings
  • Anchors into the labia majora
114
Q

Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral Nerve: Females

A

Provides sensory innervation to the labia majora and mons pubis

115
Q

Ilioinguinal Nerve: Females

A
  • Joins the rest of the inguinal canal structures pathway through the canal
  • Provides sensory innervation to the medial thigh and perineum
116
Q

Structures found in the Female Inguinal Canal:

A
  • Round Ligament of the Uterus
  • Genital Branch of the Genitofemoral N
  • Ilioinguinal N

GIGU Exam 1 (14 decks)

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