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Endocrine > Histology Of The Pituitary, Hypothalamus, And Pineal > Flashcards

Histology Of The Pituitary, Hypothalamus, And Pineal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location of the hypothalamus?

A
  • Floor of the diecephalon

- Forms part of the wall of the 3rd ventricle

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2
Q

What two hormones does the hypothalamus produce and where are they stored?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

Posterior pituitary

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3
Q

What nuclei PRIMARILY makes ADH?

A

Supraoptic

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4
Q

What nuclei PRIMARILY makes oxytocin?

A

Paraventricular

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5
Q

What hormone released from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of GH and TSH?

A

Somatostatin

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6
Q

What hormone released from the hypothalamus inhibits the release of prolactin?

A

Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH or Dopamine)

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7
Q

Location of the pituitary gland?

A

In the Sella Turcica within the sphenoid bone of the skull

Posterior to the optic chiasm

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8
Q

A pituitary tumor greater than 1 cm can present with what?

A
  • bitemporal hemianopsia (problems with peripheral vision)
  • Hypopituitarism
  • headache
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9
Q

What develops into the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)?

A

Oral ectoderm

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10
Q

What develops into the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)?

A

Neuroectoderm

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11
Q

Endocrine cells are always very close to what?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

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12
Q

What is the outgrowth of the roof of the mouth called before is buds off to from the anterior pituitary?

A

Rathke’s pouch

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13
Q

The regressing stalk of Rathke’s pouch can leave residual tissue which may become a tumor called a what?

A

Craniopharyngioma

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14
Q

A Craniopharyngioma is usually BENIGN but causes problems due to mass effect and also often contains what 2 things?

A
  • cystic spaces

- calcifications

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15
Q

What are the 3 regions of the Adenohypophysis?

A
  • Pars Distalis
  • Pars tuberalis
  • Pars intermedia
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16
Q

Anterior portion of the adenohypophysis is what?

A

Pars Distalis (largest portion)

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17
Q

Portion of the adenohypophysis that surrounds the infundubular stalk?

A

Pars tuberalis

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18
Q

Portion of adenohypophysis that divides the anterior and posterior

A

Pars intermedia

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19
Q

2 regions of the neurohypophysis

A
  • Pars nervosa (bulk of it)

- Infundibular stalk

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20
Q

6 hormones produced by Pars Distalis?

A 
F: FSH
L: LH
A: ACTH
T: TSH
P: Prolactin
I
G: GH

FLAT PiG

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21
Q

2 Major groups of cells in the Pars Distalis?

A
  • Chromophils (readily takes of H&E stain)

- Chromophobes (doesn’t take up stain)

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22
Q

What are the two types of Chromophils?

A
  • Acidophils (Acid loving - takes up eosin=pink)

_Basophils (basic loving - takes up hematoxylin=purple/blue)

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23
Q

What 4 hormones to basophils produce?

A
  • Gonadotrophs (FSH and LH)
  • Corticotrophs (ACTH)

Thyrotrophs (TSH)

FLAT

24
Q

What hormones do Acidophils produce?

A
  • Mammotrophs (Prolactin)
  • Somatotrophs (GH)

PiG = Pink

25
Q

Name the Hormone: stimulates ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production in females; stimulates Sertoli cells to produce sperm in males.

A

FSH

26
Q

What is FSH inhibited by?

A

Estrogen in females

Inhibin in males

27
Q

Names the hormone: Triggers ovulation and ovarian production of estrogen and progesterone in females; Promotes Leydig cell production of testosterone in males.

A

LH

28
Q
  • Delayed/Absent puberty and anomia (no sense of smell)
  • Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
  • genetic mutation
  • Prevents migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb
A

Kallman Syndrome

29
Q

Name the hormone: stimulated by CRH in circadian manner; stimulates the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgen

A

ACTH

30
Q

What is ACTH inhibited by?

A

Feedback inhibition by glucocorticoids (cortisol)

31
Q

Name the hormone: stimulates thyroid gland to release T3 and T4 –> control metabolism

A

TSH

32
Q

What inhibits TSH?

A

Feedback inhibitions by T3 and T4

33
Q

Name the hormone: Stimulates milk production and promotes lactation; Inhibits GnRH and thus FSH and LH

A

Prolactin

34
Q

What enhances decreased PIH and thus stimulates prolactin production?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Birth control
  • Breast Feeding
  • dopamine antagonist drugs
35
Q

Name the hormone: Indirectly stimulates overall growth of bone and soft tissue via production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) aka somatomedin; Pulsatile secretion, greatest in 1st 2 hours of sleep

A

GH

36
Q

Name the hormone: inhibited by hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation

A

GH

37
Q

Name it hormone: stimulated by hypoglycemia, low levels of FA’s, high blood levels of aa’s, and exercise

A

GH

38
Q

Name the disorder: Loss of feedback control of growth hormone secretion or the GH secreting tumor in pituitary

A

Pituitary gigantism

39
Q

Name the disorder: Excessive ADULT production of growth hormone; growth of face, hands, and feet; increase in viscera; overproduction of glucose leads to diabetes

A

Acromegaly

40
Q

Name the disorder: Growth retardation resulting in abnormally short adult stature; caused by hereditary or metabolic; insufficient growth hormone; problem can be in hypothalamus or pituitary;

A

Pituitary dwarfism

41
Q

Non-pituitary dwarfism is caused by what?

A

Inadequate nutrition early in life

42
Q

Region of the adenohypophysis that in other animals synthesizes proopiomelanocortin so it changes skin color

A

Pars intermedia

43
Q

Glial like Cells of the Pars Nervosa that appear to support numerous unmyelinated nerve fibers traveling from the hypothalamus

A

Pituicytes

44
Q

Expanded axon terminals in the Pars Nervosa that are filled with stored secretory granules that contain, ADH, and Oxytocin and neurophysin carries

A

Herring bodies

45
Q

What is the release of ADH regulated by?

A

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors and Baroreceptors

46
Q

What does ADH regulate

A

Serum osmolarity

47
Q

What artery supplies blood supply to the pituitary?

A

Internal carotid

48
Q

What supplies Pars Nervosa with blood

A

Inferior hypophyseal arteries

49
Q

What supplies median eminence and infundibulum with blood?

A

Superior hypophyseal artery

50
Q

Neuronoendocrine transducer that handling photic information from the retina happens where?

A

Pineal gland

51
Q

Plays a role in growth, development, and regulation of circadian rhythms

A

Pineal gland

52
Q

Main functions are to manufacture melatonin and serotonin

A

Pineal gland

53
Q

What is the pineal gland regulated by?

A

Post ganglionic sympathetics from superior cervical ganglion

54
Q

Histological characteristic of pineal gland

A
  • Calcified granular material (“brain sand”)

- NO neurons

55
Q

Melatonin is synthesized from what?

A

Tryptophan

56
Q

Pineal tumors are linked to what?

A

Precocious (premature) puberty

Endocrine (15 decks)

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