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Microanatomy and Embryology > Histology of peripheral and nervous system > Flashcards

Histology of peripheral and nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Autonomic

Function and components

A
  • Involuntary motor innervation to smooth muscle, glands, viscera
  • Involuntary sensory from viscera
  • Unmyelinated fibers (some nerves can be myelinated)
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2
Q

Somatic

Function and components

A
  • Sensory and motor innervation
  • Myelinated fibers

(myelinated nerves moves faster)

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3
Q

Categories of neurons

A

sensory

motor

interneurons

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4
Q

Types of Sensory neurons

A

somatic afferent

visceral afferent

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5
Q

Types of motor neurons

A

somatic efferent

visceral efferent

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6
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

One axon; two or more dendrites

Motor and interneurons

Found in ventral horn

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7
Q

Biopolar neurons

A

One axon, one dendrite

Retina and ganglia of CN VIII

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8
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

One axon

Sensory neurons

Dorsal root ganglia and cranial nerve ganglia

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9
Q

characteristics of neuron cell body

A

– Euchromatic nucleus

– Perinuclear cytoplasm

  • Abundant rER and free ribosomes
    • Ribosomal content appears as Nissl bodies in light microscope
  • Numerous mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, neurofilaments, and transport vesicles

– Axon hillock

  • Free of cytoplasmic organelles
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10
Q

Characteristics of Dendrites

A
  • Receive info and convey to cell body
  • Greater diameter than axons
  • Unmyelinated
  • Form extensive arborizations called dendritic trees
  • Cytoplasm of dendrites is similar to that of the neuron cell body
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11
Q

Characteristics of Axons

A
  • Convey info away from cell body
  • Only one axon/nerve
  • Originates from the axon hillock
  • Contain microtubules, neurofilaments, mitochondria and vesicles
  • Myelinated
  • Initial segment is where action potential is generated
  • Carries action potentials to dendrites, cell bodies or axons
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12
Q

Function of synapses

A

Facilitate transmission of impulses from:

  • Presynaptic to postsynaptic neurons
  • Axons to effector cells (muscle and glands)
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13
Q

What is a terminal bouton

A

terminal branch of axon

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14
Q

Categories of Synapses

A

Axodendritic (b)

  • Axons and dendrites

Axosomatic (a)

  • Axons and cell body

Axoaxonic (c)

  • Axons and axons
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15
Q

Types of synapses

(based on the signal used)

A

Chemical: Neurotransmitters

Electrical: Ion (cardiac and smooth muscle)

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16
Q

Components of chemical synapses

A

Presynaptic knob

  • Synaptic vesicles which contain the neurotransmitters

Synaptic cleft

  • Space that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

Postsynaptic membrane

  • Contains receptor sites for the neurotransmitter
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17
Q

Types of axonal transport

A

Anterograde

retrograde

slow

fast

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18
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Carries materials from the cell body to the periphery

Kinesin is motor protein used

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19
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Carries materials from the axon terminals and dendrites to the cell body

Dynein is motor protein used here

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20
Q

Slow transport

A

From cell body to terminal bouton (0.2-4mm/day)

Only anterograde system

21
Q

Fast transport

A

Rate of 20-400mm/day

Both anterograde and retrograde

22
Q

Neuroglia of CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

Microglia

Ependymal cells

23
Q

Function of Oligodendrocytes

A

form and maintain myelin

myelinate one or several axons

24
Q

Function of astrocytes

A

Physical and metabolic support for neurons

Cover “bare areas” of myelinated axons

Maintain tight junctions of capillaries forming blood-brain barrier

Protoplasmic (gray matter) and fibrous (white matter)

Both types of astrocytes are identified via GFAP

25
Q

Function of microglia

A

Phagocytic cells

Originate from bone marrow monocyte precursors

26
Q

Function of Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles of the brain and prosuce cerebrospinal fluid

27
Q

Peripheral nervous system

What is it, what is the function

A

Collection of nerve fibers held together by connective tissue

Carry sensory and motor info

28
Q

PCS cell body categories

A

Motor cell bodies

  • Located in CNS (brain, brainstem and spinal cord)

Sensory cell bodies

  • Located within or outside of the CNS in peripheral ganglia
    • Dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerve
    • Cranial nerve ganglia
    • Autonomic nerve ganglia
29
Q

Endoneurium

A

Innermost PNS tissue

Connective tissue surrounding individual nerve fibers

Bind fibers together into a bundle or fascicle

Schwann cells found here

30
Q

Perineurium

A

Connective tissue surrounding nerve bundles

Contributes to formation of a nerve-blood barrier

Squamous, contractile cells found here

31
Q

Epineurium

A

outermost PNS tissue

Dense connective tissue surrounding nerve bundles

blood vessels travel in this layer

32
Q

Neuroglia of PNS

A

Schwann cells

Satellite cells

33
Q

Function of Schwann cells

A

Produce myelin sheath (80% lipids)

  • Ensure rapid conduction of nerve impulses
  • Junctions between two adjacent Schwann cells are Nodes of Ranvier
    • saltatory conduction
34
Q

function of satellite cells

A

Support cells for neuron cell bodies of ganglia

Provide electrical insulation and promote metabolic exchange

Usually nuclei is only visible in H&E images

35
Q

what determines the thickness of myelin sheath of the PNS

A

the diameter of the axon

36
Q

Steps of the myelination in the PNS

A

Develops from compacted layers of Schwann cell mesaxon

  • Cytoplasm is squeezed from between the membrane of the concentric layers of the Schwann cell
  • Inner collar of Schwann membrane is next to the axonal plasma membrane
  • Outer collar of Schwann cell membrane contains most organells of schwann cell
37
Q

Diseases that cause demyelination

A

Guillian-Barre

Multiple sclerosis

38
Q

Characteristics of Guillain-Barre

A

Autoimmune disorder

Effects the PNS

Large segments of the myelin sheath are damaged

Muscle paralysis, loss of muscle coordination, and loss of cutaneous sensation

39
Q

Characteristics of multiple sclerosis

A

Autoimmune disorder

Effects the CNS

Myelin and oligodendrocytes are damaged

Plaques are apparent in white matter of CNS

Symptoms depend on region of CNS effected

40
Q

Autonomic nervous system

Function and Categories

A

Conduct impulses to smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscles

Categories

  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
41
Q

Sympathetic ANS

function and location

A

Responsible for fight or flight response

Neurons in thorax and lumbar regions (paravertebral) and abdominal (prevertebral) regions

42
Q

Parasympathetic

function and location

A

counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nerves

Neurons in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord

43
Q

Enteric ANS

function and location

A

Neurons found in the wall of the gut

Controls motility, exocrine and endocrine secretions and blood flow in the gut

44
Q

Neuronal degeneration

A

Axon degenerated distal to injury (Wallerian degeneration)

Axons and myelin sheath fragment. Removed by Schwann cells (PNS) and microglial (CNS)

Loss of Nissl substance (chromatolysis) in cell body

45
Q

Neuronal Scar formation

A

Occur between parts of severed nerve

  • Connective tissue and Schwann cells in the PNS
  • Glial cells in the CNS
46
Q

Neuronal Regeneration

A

Schwann cells help bridge the gap in a severed nerve

  • Form tubes which guide regenerating nerve sprouts
47
Q

Gray matter in the spinal cord is found in

A

Ventral and dorsal horn

48
Q

white matter in the spinal cord is found in

A

ascending and descending spinal cord tracts

Microanatomy and Embryology (8 decks)

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