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Microanatomy and Embryology > Gastrointestinal system > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal system Flashcards

1
Q

Components of gastorintestinal tract

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine

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2
Q

What are the accessory digestive organs?

A

Salivary glands

teeth

tounge

liver

gallbladder

pancreas

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3
Q

masticatory mucosa and its types of epithelium

A

are the gums an hard palate

composed of parakeratinized / keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Lining mucosa and its epithelium

A

found on the lips, cheeks, alveolar, floor of mouth, inferior surface of tongue, and soft palate

composed of nonkeratinized/parakeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

where is specialized mucosa found?

A

dorsal surface of tongue

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6
Q

Minor salivary glands

A

lingual

labial

buccal

molar

palatine

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7
Q

Major salivary glands

A

parotid

submandibular

sublingual

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8
Q

function of serous cells

A

protein secretion

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9
Q

function of mucous cells

A

secrete mucin

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10
Q

function of intercalated duct cells

A

secrete HCO3-

absorb Cl-

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11
Q

Funtion of striated duct cells

A

Secrete K+ and HCO3-

absorb Na+

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12
Q

Parotid salivary histology

A

will contain excretory duct and adipose cells

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13
Q

submandibular salivary gland histology

A

contains ducts, serous cells, and mucous cells

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14
Q

What is the structural organization of the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)?

A

Layers :

Mucosa

Lining epithelium

Lamina propria

Muscularis mucosae

Submucosa

Dense irregular connective tissue with vessels (blood, lymph),nerve plexus, etc.

Muscularis externa

Inner circular layer

Outer longitudinal layer

Serosa or adventitia

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15
Q

characteristics of esophagus histology

A

mucosa

submucosa

musularis externa

adventitia

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16
Q

what type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

simple columnar epithelium

17
Q

Histological regions in the stomach

A

Cardia –

cardia glands produce primarily mucus

Body/Fundus –

gastric/fundic glands produce HCl and enzymes

Pylorus –

pyloric glands produce primarily mucus

18
Q

Structure of Gastric/fundic glands

A
  • Simple, branched tubular gland
  • Present throughout stomach (except where cardiac and pyloric glands are)

3 regions:

Isthmus (stem cell niche)

Neck

Fundus

19
Q

function of gastric/fundic glands

A

they produce 2L of gastric fluid a day

Fluid consists of:

  • HCL
  • Pepsin
  • Mucus
  • Intrinsic factor
  • Gastrin
20
Q

Types of cells in gastric/fundic glands

A

Mucous cells

Chief cells

Parietal cells

Enteroendocrine cells

Stem cells

21
Q

The 2 types of mucous cells and their functions

A

Surface mucous cell:

Columnar cell

Produces/secretes mucinogen (stains with PAS)

mucus is thick, viscous, gel-like (cloudy)

high concentration of bicarbonate and potassium

Mucous neck cell:

Lines gastric pits

Produces/secretes soluble mucous (i.e. clear), less mucinogen than surface mucous cell

Secretion stimulated by vagus nerve

22
Q

Characteristics of chief cells

A

Protein secreting (enzymes, especially pepsinogen)

Has abundant rER

Found in deep part of gland

23
Q

characteristics of parietal (oxyntic) cell

A

Produce HCl and intrinsic factor

HCl secretion activated by gastrin, histamine, & acetylcholine

Intracellular canalicular system continuous with gland lumen Numerous microvilli

Large cells that stain with eosin (acidic dyes)

Located in neck and deep part of gland

24
Q

characteristics of enteroendocrine cell

A

‘Open’ and ‘Closed’ cells

Secrete into the lamina propria or vasculature (not into gastric lumen)

Chemoreceptors (‘Open’ cells)

25
Q

components of the small intestine

A

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

26
Q

what is the function of the small intestine and what are the structures that aid in the function?

A

Digestion and Absorption!!!

Aided by:

Plicae circulares (circular folds)

Villi

Microvilli

27
Q

cells found in the epithelium of the small intestine

A
  • Enterocytes
  • Goblet cells
  • Paneth cells
  • Enteroendocrine cells
  • M cells (microfold cells)
28
Q

characteristics of enterocytes

A

intestinal absorptive columnar cells that secrete glycoprotein enzymes intp apical plasma membrane

These cell have features such as

  • Microvilli
  • Terminal web (contractile microfilaments in apical cytoplasm, attach to zonula adherens)
  • Tight junctions
  • Lateral plications (elaborate, flattened cytoplasmic processes)
29
Q

characteristics of goblet cells

A

Produce mucus

Periodic Acid Schiff stains contents

30
Q

characteristics if paneth cells

A
  • Regulate normal bacteria flora in small intestine by secreting α-defensins (antibacterial lysozyme) that digests cell wall of some bacteria
  • Located at the base of intestinal glands
  • Strong eosin stain
31
Q

Characteristics of Intestinal glands

a.k.a. Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

Simple columnar epithelium

Tubular structures that open at the base of villi

Contain immune cells, including Paneth cells

Major component of GALT (Gut-associated lymphoid tissue)

32
Q

Characteristics of M cells

A

M cells are the epithelial cells that overlie Peyer’s patches (lymphatic nodules)

Has microfolds on apical surface

Function :

  • ‘Antigen transporting cell’
  • Endocytose microorganisms (and macromolecules) from intestinal lumen, exocytose near T lymphocytes
33
Q

characteristic of Peyer’s patches

A

composed of aggregates of lymphatic nodules within lamina propriaand submucosa

Component of GALT (gut-associated lymphatic tissue)

Prominent in ileum

34
Q

Characterisitcs of Brunner’s (submucosa) glands

A

Glands are present in the submucosa of the duodenum

Secrete enzymes and mucous

Secretions are pH 8.1-9.3 (alkaline glycoproteins and bicarbonate)

35
Q

histology of cecum and appendix

A
36
Q

Key features of the outer surface of the large intestine/colon

A

Teniae coli

thickened bands of outer muscular layer

Haustra coli

sacculations between teniae coli

Omental appendices

fatty serosa projections

37
Q

function of the large intestine/colon

A

Absorption of electrolytes and water

elimination of waste

38
Q

what are the cells of the large intestine?

A

Intestinal Glands

Columnar absorptive cells (Enterocytes)

Goblet cells (more numerous than in small intestine)

Enteroendocrine cells

Lymphatic nodules

39
Q

histology of the rectum

A

Microanatomy and Embryology (8 decks)

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