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gi exam 2 > Histology of GI Glands > Flashcards

Histology of GI Glands Flashcards

1
Q
  • Three main digestive glands
A
  • Major salivary glands
  • Exocrine Pancreas
  • Liver
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2
Q
  • Function of exocrine glands
A
  • Secrete mucus, hormone, and enzymes
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3
Q

What is the basic secretory unit of salivary glands called?

What are its components?
Where are they not found?

A
  • Salivon
  • Acinus, Intercalated duct, excretory duct
  • Liver, pancreas, gallbladder
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4
Q
  • What is the acinus?
A
  • Secretory portion of the salivon
  • Blind sac of secretory cells
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5
Q
  • The duct makes up the _ portion of the salivon
A
  • Conducting
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6
Q
  • Salivary glands are covered in a _ capsule and are separated into lobes and lobules via _ (which also serve as a route for neurovasculature)
  • Function of saliva?
A
  • CT capsule, interlobar septa
  • Saliva functions include:
    • Lubrication and cleansing of oral mucosa
    • Igs, minerals, electrolytes, buffers and metabolic wastes
    • Aids in digestion of food via enzymes
    • Mineralizes teeth to help maintain tooth integrity
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7
Q
  • Mucus acini properties
A
  • Cloudier looking cytoplasm
  • Produce thick glycoprotein rich product
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8
Q
  • Serous acini properties
A
  • Clear staining cytoplasm
  • Produces a water based product
  • (Serous kind of sounds like see through-see through/clear stained cytoplasm)
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9
Q
  • Mucoserous
  • _ cells are located between epithelial cells and basal lamina and function to assist in moving secretory products into the excretory duct
A
  • Contains a core of mucous cells surrounded by a serous demilune (like a cute little hat over the top of the core mucous cells)
  • Myoendothelial cells
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10
Q
  • The serous demilune is an _ of fixation
  • What does this mean?
A
  • Artifact of fixation
  • The serous cells do not actually make a demilune but instead are aligned in the same row as mucous cells
  • Expansion of the mucous cells during fixation pushes serous cells out of their original position and into demilune position
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11
Q
  • Pathway of saliva flow (name the types of epithelium present at each portion)
A
  • Acinus
  • Intercalated duct (low cuboidal epithelium)
  • Striated duct (simple cuboidal to simple columnar epithelium)
  • Excretory duct (simple cuboidal to stratified cuboidal or pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
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12
Q
  • Parotid glands contain no _ cells
  • Submandibular glands contain more _ cells
  • Sublingual glands contain more _ cells
A
  • Mucous
  • Serous
  • Mucous
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13
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image?
A
  • Mucous
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14
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image
A
  • Serous
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15
Q
  • What type of acini is shown in the following image
A
  • Mucoserous
  • Yellow arrows pointing to serous demilune
  • Black arrows pointing to mucous cells
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16
Q
  • Key features of parotid/serous glands?
  • What cranial nerve passes through here?
  • What structure can these glands commonly be confused with?
A
  • Serous glands only
    • ​Pyramidal cells with a basally located nucleus
    • Prominent RER in basal region
    • Secretory granules visible in apical region
  • Large amounts of adipose tissue pass through
  • CN VII
  • Pancreas
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17
Q
  • Key features of sublingual glands
A
  • Mixed gland, predominantly mucous
  • Lacks a defined capsule but divided by CT into small lobules
  • Intercalated and striated ducts are poorly developed (sublingual-intercalated and striated ducts are sub-par)
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18
Q
  • Key features of submandibular glands
A
  • Serous cells predominant
  • Mucous cells surrounded by serous demilune
  • Myoepethelial cells control secretions
  • Intercalated ducts are shorter and striated ducts are longer
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19
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A

Parotid/serous

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20
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A

Submandibular

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21
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Parotid/serous
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22
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Parotid/serous
23
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Sublingual
24
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Submandibular
25
Q
  • Identify the type of gland shown below
A
  • Sublingual
26
Q
  • Functions of the endocrine portion of the pancreas
  • Functions of the exocrine portion of the pancreas
  • Which portion of the pancreas is larger
A
  • Endocrine
    • ​Secrete hormones into blood
    • Regulates glucose, lipid, protein metabolism
  • Exocrine
    • ​Secreted enzymes essential for digestion in the SI
    • Secretes zymogens
  • Exocrine
27
Q
  • What is considered the functional unit of the exocrine pancreas?
  • What types of cells are present here and what is their function?
A
  • Serous acinus
  • Pancreatic acinar cells
    • Secrete zymogens
28
Q
  • Centroacinar cells are _ inside the acinus and are continuous with the _ epithelium of the intecalated duct
  • Function of centroacinar cells
A
  • duct cells, simple cuboidal
  • Secrete:
    • HCO3-
    • Na+
    • H2O
    • Alkaline secretions
29
Q
  • Hallmarks of the pancreas
A
  • Acinar cells stain intensely
  • Centroacinar cells stain lightly
30
Q
  • What tissue is shown in the following image
A
  • Pancreas
31
Q
  • Characteristics of pancreatic acinar cells
A
  • Well developed RER
  • Prominent Golgi Apparatus
  • Apical domain of zymogen granules (contain 20 different pancreatic proenzymes)
    • Tripsinogen,chymotrypsinogen-digest proteins
    • Amololytic enzymes-digest carbohydrates
    • Lipases-digest lipids
    • Deoxyribonucleases, ribonucleases-digest nucleic acids
  • Increase in proteases with protein rich diet
  • Increase in amylases with carbohydrate rich diet
32
Q
  • Pancreatitis
A
  • Premature activation of pancreatic enzymes-results in autodigestion of the pancreatic glands (trypsinogen-trypsin is most common)
  • Acute pancreatitis
    • Trauma, heavy meals, excessive alcohol ingestion or biliary tract disease
  • Chronic pancreatitis
    • Alcoholism is major cause
    • Fibrosis and partial/total destruction of pancreatic tissue
33
Q
  • Liver hepatocytes are organized into _ rather than true acini
A
  • Cords
34
Q
  • Main blood supply to liver
  • Both supplies mix with _ of the lobules which converge at _
  • Blood and bile flow in _ directions
A
  • 75-80% hepatic portal vein
  • 20-25% hepatic artery
  • Sinusoids, central venule
  • Opposite
35
Q
  • Key features of hepatocytes
A
  • Numerous peroxisomes and lysosomes
  • Extensive sER
  • Large Golgi
  • Large, polygonal
  • Multinucleated
36
Q
  • Hepatocytes secrete bile that drains into _ located between adjacent hepatocytes
  • These join to contribute to the _
A
  • Bile canalliculi
  • Biliary tree
37
Q
  • Hepatocyte plates are 1 cell thick and are separated by anastamosing _
  • _ collects blood from the sinusoids
  • _ are positioned at angles of the hexagon and loose CT houses their _
A
  • sinusoids
  • Terminal hepatic venule/central vein
  • Portal areas/Portal Canals, Portal Triad (Hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct)
38
Q

_ separate hepatocyte plates from the blood sinusoidal space and serve as a site for material exchange (found between basal surfaces of hepatocytes and endothelial cells/Kupffer cells lining the sinusoids-microvilli project from basal surface of hepatocytes here to increase surface area)

_ is located between stromal CT and hepatocytes amnd collects excess fluid from the space of Disse

A
  • Perisinusoidal Space of Disse
  • Periportal Space (Space of Mall)
39
Q
  • Hepatic sinusoids are lined with a discontinuous endothelium and discontinuous basal lamina
  • They contain large _ without diaprhagms and have large gaps between neighboring cells
  • What types of cells are present in the hepatic sinusoids and what are their functions?
A
  • fenestra
  • Kuppfer (distinguisher of hepatic sinusoids)
    • Macrophages that detect and phagocytose erythrocytes
40
Q
  • EMBRYO!
    • What germ layer are Kupffer cells of the liver derived from?
A
  • Mesoderm (monocyte derived)
41
Q
  • What is shown in the following image?
A
  • Bile canalliculi
42
Q
  • How do you identify a portal lobule?
A
  • Identify a portal triad and draw imaginary lines between three central veins surrounding it
  • Outlines bile drainage pathway from adjacent lobules into same bile duct
43
Q
  • Liver acinus
  • Congestive heart failure affects which zone most?
A
  • Diamond shape
  • Hepatocytes are arranged in concentric zones around a short axis
  • Based on [O2] gradient along sinusoids of adjacent lobules
  • Cells w/in each zone have different metabolic functions and distribution of hepatic enzymes
  • Zone 3
44
Q
  • Which zone of a liver acinus is most exposed to O2 and Toxins
A

1

45
Q
  • Hereditary hemochromatosis
A
  • Increased iron absorption and accumulation in lysosomal hepatocytes
  • Complications can lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer
46
Q
  • Wilson’s Disease
A
  • Hereditary
  • Issues with Copper metabolism
  • Excessive Copper in liver and brain lysosomes
  • Chronic hepatitis and chronic liver disease as result
47
Q
  • Chronic Liver Disease
A
  • Perisinusoidal cells remain in nonproliferative state
  • Can proliferate when activated by Kupffer cells and hepatocytes
  • Leads to fibrosis and inflammatory cells (lymphocyes and macrophages) in distorted portal space
48
Q
  • Long term consumption of alcohol can lead to:
A
  • Fatty liver (reversible if alcohol use discontinued)
  • Steatohepatitis-fatty liver with inflammatory reaction
  • Cirrhosis-collagen proliferation or fibrosis
49
Q
  • Hepatitis
  • Acute versus chronic
  • What viruses can cause hepatitis
A
  • Inflammatory condition due to viruses, bacteria, or parasites
  • Acute-loss of apetite, NV, jaundice
  • Chronic-fibrosis, hepatocyte necrosis and inflammatory lymphocytic activity
  • Hepatitis A, B, and C viruses
  • HAV: ingestion of contaminated food/water
  • HBV: Sexual contact, blood/serum tranfer thru shared needles in drug abusers (develops into chronic in 10%)
  • HCV: Blood transfusions (50-70% develop chronic)
50
Q
  • Histological features of the gallbladder
A
  • Highly folded mucosa with simple columnar epithelium overlying lamina propria
  • Muscularis with bundles of muscle fibers oriented in all directions (help with emptying)
  • External adventitia whre it is against the liver but serosa where it is exposed to the peritoneal cavity
51
Q
  • Rokitansky-Aschoff sinuses
A
  • Deep diverticula of muscularis externa that may extend thru muscularis externa
  • Develop as a result of herniation and hyperplasia of eputhelial cells thru the muscularis externa
  • Bacteria can accumulate-inflammation, increased risk for cholelithiasis
52
Q
  • Identify the tissue shown below
A

Gallbladder

  1. Lamina propria (mucosa)
  2. Muscularis externa
  3. Adventitia (surrounded by liver)
53
Q
  • Identify the tissue shown below
A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis externa
  3. Adventitia

Gallbladder shown

gi exam 2 (14 decks)

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