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Foundations of Medicine > Histology of Blood Vessels and Blood Film (Function of Blood Cells) > Flashcards

Histology of Blood Vessels and Blood Film (Function of Blood Cells) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of a blood vessel?

A
  • tunica intima (internal)
  • tunica media (middle)
  • tunica adventitia (external)
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2
Q

What are the features of the tunica intima?

A
  • single squamous epithelium (endothelial cells)
  • cells supported by basal lamina and thin layer CT
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3
Q

What are the features of the tunica media?

A
  • made up of predominantly smooth muscle
  • variable thickness
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4
Q

Describe the tunica adventitia

A

outer layer made of supporting CT

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5
Q

What separates the tunica intima and tunica media?

A

internal elastic membrane

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6
Q

What separates the tunica media and the tunica adventitia?

A

external elastic membrane

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7
Q

Why are the largest arteries (e.g. aorta) called elastic arteries?

A

sheets of elastic fibres replacing a significant amount of smooth muscle in the tunica media

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8
Q

What is the vaso vasorum?

A

vascular supply to large elastic arteries

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9
Q

Why do some elastic arteries have their own vascular supply?

A

only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from lumen

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10
Q

What is an arteriole?

A

smallest division of muscular arteries

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11
Q

What happens to the layers of the arteries as they get smaller?

A
  • tunica media loses smooth muscle
  • tunica adventitia starts to disappear
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12
Q

What is the function of arterioles?

A

control blood flow in tissues

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of arteriole?

A
  • terminal arteriole
  • meta arteriole
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14
Q

What are the features of terminal arterioles?

A
  • no internal lamina
  • covered by continuous coat of smooth muscle cells
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15
Q

What are the features of meta arterioles?

A
  • smooth muscle cells replaced by pericytes
  • terminate into capillaries
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16
Q

What is a pericyte?

A

non-contractile cells in arterioles

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17
Q

What are the components of capillaries?

A
  • endothelial cells
  • basal lamina
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18
Q

Where are capillaries absent?

A
  • epithelial cells resting on basement membrane
  • epidermis of skin, hair, nails
  • cornea
  • hyaline cartilage
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19
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinusoidal
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20
Q

Describe the features of continuous capillaries?

A
  • uninterrupted endothelium
  • continuous basal lamina
  • fine filaments
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21
Q

What are the features of fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • capillaries with small openings/pores
  • pores allow large molecules and proteins to move between organs and blood
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22
Q

What are the features of sinusoidal capillaries?

A
  • capillaries with large gaps
  • allow blood cells and proteins to pass between blood and tissue
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23
Q

Where would you find continuous capillaries?

A
  • muscles
  • nerves
  • lungs
  • skin
24
Q

Where would you find fenestrated capillaries?

A
  • gut mucosa
  • endocrine glands
  • kidney
25
Q

Where would you find sinusoidal capillaries?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
26
Q

Where do capillary networks drain into?

A

post-capillary venules

27
Q

Describe the structure of post-capillary venules.

A
  • lined by endothelial cells
  • thin layer of CT
28
Q

When do capillaries become referred to as venules?

A

once the vessel begins to acquire intermittent smooth muscle in the tunica media

29
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A
  • thin continuous tunica media
  • obvious tunica adventitia
  • valves (inward extensions of TI)
30
Q

What is the function of valves in veins?

A

prevent the back flow of blood

31
Q

What are the features of large veins?

A
  • thick tunica adventitia
  • TA incorporates bundles of longitudinally orientated smooth muscle
32
Q

What is the distribution of blood in the body (most to least)

A
  • peripheral veins
  • heart and lungs
  • peripheral arteries
  • capillaries
33
Q

What is the average adult blood volume?

A

4.5 - 6 litres

34
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • 45% formed elements
  • 55% plasma
35
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A
  • red blood cells
  • white blood cells
  • platelets
36
Q

What is the composition of plasma?

A
  • 90% water
  • proteins (albumin, clotting factors, clotting factors)
  • nutrients
  • salts
37
Q

What are the features of erythrocytes?

A
  • biconcave discs
  • 7 micrometres
  • no nucleus/organelles
  • network of flexible cytoskeletal elements that allow them to deform
38
Q

How long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

A

~ 4 months

39
Q

What removes old RBCs from circulation?

A
  • liver
  • spleen
40
Q

Define haematocrit

A

the proportion of a persons blood that is red blood cells

41
Q

What is the average haematocrit of an adult male?

A

~42

42
Q

What is the average haematocrit of an adult female?

A

~38

43
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

A
  • granulocytes
  • agranulocytes
44
Q

What leukocytes are granulocytes?

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
45
Q

What leukocytes are agranulocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
46
Q

Describe the features of neutrophils.

A
  • most common
  • prominent, multi-lobed nucleus
  • circulate in an inactive state
  • become highly mobile phagocytes when stimulated
  • abundant and short-lived
47
Q

Describe the features of eosinophils

A
  • bilobed nucleus
  • granules stain pink
  • granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
  • induce and maintain inflammation
  • respond to allergic reactions and asthma
48
Q

Describe the features of basophils

A
  • rarest of granulocytes
  • granules stain dark (obscure nucleus)
  • bilobed nucleus
  • granules contain histamine, heparin
  • effector cells in allergic reactions
49
Q

How do basophils cause allergic responses?

A
  • high affinity IgE receptors in cell membrane
  • when bound to allergen cell is stimulated to release granules
50
Q

What are features of monocytes?

A
  • precursors to macrophages
  • widely distributed
  • found in loose CT
  • largest circulating cells
  • kidney bean shaped nucleus
  • small granules
51
Q

What are the feature of macrophages

A
  • part of mononuclear phagocytic system
  • some wander
  • some remain in tissues
52
Q

What are the features of lymphocytes?

A
  • large round nucleus
  • no visible nucleus
  • T and B cells
  • T cells differentiate in thymus
  • B cells give rise to antibody secreting plasma cells
53
Q

What are the features of platelets?

A
  • small cell fragments
  • 2 micrometres
  • large numbers in blood
  • key role in haemostasis (blood clotting)
  • well developed cytoskeleton
54
Q

What is haemopoiesis?

A

the formation of new blood cells

55
Q

Where is the main site of blood formation at birth?

A

bone marrow

56
Q

What happens as bones enlarge?

A

haemapoiesis stops in many bones

57
Q

What bones produce blood by the time the skeleton reaches maturity?

A
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
  • skull
  • pelvis
  • proximal femurs

Foundations of Medicine (5 decks)

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