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Foundations of Medicine > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common features of all eukaryotic cells?

A
  • outer membrane
  • inner cytosol (cytoplasm)
  • cytoskeleton
  • membrane bound organelles
  • inclusions
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2
Q

What is cytosol (cytoplasm) made up of?

A

Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

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3
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Determines the shape and fluidity of the cell

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3
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A

Separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment

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3
Q

Describe the composition of the plasma membrane.

A

Bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules

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4
Q

Describe the orientation of the phospholipid molecules of the plasma membrane.

A

Hydrophilic heads pointing to the outer and inner surfaces.
Hydrophobic fatty acid chains facing towards middle of the 2 layers

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5
Q

List all the integral proteins which lie within the cell membrane.

A
  • receptors
  • channels
  • transporters
  • enzymes
  • cell attachment proteins
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6
Q

True or false: A cell has the ability to exo and endocytose material through the cell membrane.

A

True

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7
Q

Describe what is meant by “the cell membrane is fluid”.

A

it can change its shape easily
not fixed in one rigid position

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8
Q

Are all proteins that lie in the cell membrane distributed equally?

A

No
Some of the membrane proteins can diffuse laterally along the cell membrane but most of the proteins are anchored.

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9
Q

What is the cell membrane permeable to?

A
  • water
  • oxygen
  • small hydrophobic molecules
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10
Q

What is the cell membrane impermeable to?

A

charged ions (Na+)

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11
Q

Define organelle

A

Small, intracellular organs with specific functions and structural organisation

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12
Q

Are organelles essential to life

A

Yes

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13
Q

Where are organelles found in cells?

A

In the cytoplasm

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14
Q

List the organelles found in the cytoplasm.

A
  • mitochondria
  • rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • golgi apparatus
  • lysosomes
  • nucleus
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15
Q

What organelles contain DNA?

A
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
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16
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

energy production

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17
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

protein synthesis

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18
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesis and detoxification of cholesterol and lipid

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19
Q

Function of golgi apparatus

A

modification and packaging of secretions

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20
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

produce hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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21
Q

Function of nucleus

A

contains genetic code

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22
Q

Define cellular inclusions

A

Non living substances found within the cytoplasm that are not bound by a membrane

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23
Q

List some examples of cellular inclusions

A
  • pigmentation
  • lipids
  • proteins
24
Q

What are the 3 main classes of filament found in the cytoskeleton?

A
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
25
Q

How do the cytoskeletal proteins create the cytoskeleton?

A

filamentous proteins become attached to cell membrane and each other by anchoring and joining proteins to form internal scaffolding

26
Q

Features of microfilaments

A
  • 7 nm in diameter
  • composed of actin
27
Q

What makes microfilament dynamic cytoskeletal elements?

A

actin molecules can assemble and later dissociate making them dynamic

28
Q

Describe the features of intermediate filaments

A
  • ~10 nm
  • composed of 6 main proteins
  • proteins vary in different cell types
29
Q

What are the classes of intermediate filaments?

A

neurofilaments –> nerve cells
glial fibrillary acidic protein –> nervous glial cells
desmin –> muscle cells
cytokeratins –> epithelial cells
vimentin –> mesenchymal cells
filesin –> lens of the eye
lamin –> nuclei of all cells

30
Q

Describe microtubules

A
  • 25 nm in diameter
  • composed of 2 proteins (alpha/beta)
  • originate from centrosome
  • can be assembled and disassembled
  • contain MAPS (stabilising proteins)
31
Q

What microstructures are microtubules important in?

A
  • cilia
  • flagella
  • mitotic spindle
32
Q

Define kinesin

A

ATPase that moves toward cell periphery

33
Q

Define dynein

A

ATPase that moves toward the cell centre

34
Q

What is the role of dynein and kinesin

A

important in movement of components in cells with long processes
attach to microtubules and move along them

35
Q

Describe the nuclear envelope

A
  • composed of inner and outer nuclear membrane
  • nuclear pores provide continuity with cytoplasm
36
Q

Describe the outer nuclear membrane

A
  • studded with ribosomes
  • continuous with cytoplasmic RER
37
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • contains chromosomes
  • location of RNA synthesis
  • transcription of tRNA and mRNA
38
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A
  • euchromatin
  • heterochromatin
  • nucleolus
39
Q

Define euchromatin.

A

DNA that is more dispersed and actively undergoing transcription

40
Q

Describe heterochromatin.

A

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

41
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

transcription of rRNA

42
Q

Describe the features of ribosomes.

A
  • formed in the nucleolus
  • instrumental in protein synthesis
43
Q

Describe the structure of ribosomes

A
  • small, RNA binding subunit
  • large subunit that catalyses the formation of peptide bonds
44
Q

Describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments in a cell

45
Q

Describe the structure of the RER

A

studded with ribosomes

46
Q

What is the role of the RER?

A
  • synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into membranes or secretion
  • associated with initiation of glycoprotein formation
47
Q

What is the function of SER

A
  • continues processing of proteins produced in the RER
  • vital role as the site of lipid synthesis
48
Q

Describe the structure of the golgi apparatus.

A
  • group of flattened membrane bound cisternae
  • arranged in sub-compartments
49
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • transport vesicles arrive at golgi from SER/RER
  • cisterns function in modification and packaging of macromolecules that were synthesised in the ER
  • adds sugars
  • cleaves some proteins
50
Q

Describe the structure of a mitochondria

A
  • oblong/cylindrical
  • inner and outer membrane
  • inner membrane extensively folded to increase surface area
51
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A
  • function in the generation of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation
  • synthesis of certain lipids and proteins
  • contains own DNA and system for protein production
52
Q

Define intercellular junctions

A

specialised membrane structures which link individual cells together into a functional unit

53
Q

Where are intercellular junctions most prominent?

A

in epithelia

54
Q

What are the 3 types of junction?

A
  • Occluding
  • Anchoring
  • Communicating
55
Q

Define occluding junctions

A
  • link cells to form a diffusion barrier
  • appear as a focal region of close apposition between adjacent cell membranes
56
Q

Define anchoring junctions.

A
  • provide mechanical strength
  • link sub-membrane actin bundles of adjacent cells via transmembrane cadherin molecules in the extracellular space
57
Q

Describe desmosomes

A
  • anchoring junction
  • common in skin
  • link sub-membrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
58
Q

Define communicating junctions.

A
  • allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells
  • circular patch with pores produced by connexon proteins
59
Q

What is a junctional complex?

A

close association of several types of junctions found in certain epithelial tissues

Foundations of Medicine (5 decks)

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