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Foundations of Medicine > Diversity and Function of Cells. > Flashcards

Diversity and Function of Cells. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

A
  • epithelium
  • CT
  • muscle
  • nervous tissue
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2
Q

Define epithelial tissue

A
  • cover surfaces of the body
  • line hollow organs
  • form many glands
  • occur as sheets of cells
  • vary wildly in size, shape, orientation and function
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3
Q

Define connective tissue

A
  • forms framework of body
  • dynamic role in the development, growth, homeostasis and energy storage
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4
Q

Define muscle

A
  • specialised cells to generate force by contracting
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5
Q

Define nervous tissue

A
  • neurons and supporting cells (glia)
  • serve control function
  • allow rapid communication between different parts of the body
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6
Q

What are the common features of epithelial tissue?

A
  • strong adhesion between epithelial cells
  • all have a layer of ECM called the basal lamina where the cells are attached
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7
Q

What are the major functions of epithelia?

A
  • mechanical barrier (skin)
  • chemical barrier (stomach lining)
  • absorption via microvilli (intestinal lining)
  • secretion (salivary glands)
  • containment (bladder lining)
  • locomotion via cilia (oviduct)
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8
Q

What are some minor functions of epithelia?

A
  • sensation via neuroepithelium (taste buds)
  • contractility (myoepithelial cells)
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9
Q

Define glandular epithelia.

A

epithelia that produces secretory products (sweat, milk, oil, hormones, mucous and enzymes)

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10
Q

Define endocrine glands.

A
  • product secreted toward the basal end of the cell
  • distributed by the vascular system
  • ductless glands
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11
Q

Define exocrine glands

A
  • product secreted toward apical end of the cell into the lumen of an internal space, duct or on the body surface
  • ducted glands
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12
Q

What is a major characteristic of an endocrine gland?

A
  • no ducts
  • lots of capillaries
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13
Q

What is a major characteristic of an exocrine gland?

A

presence of ducts

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14
Q

What are the different classifications of connective tissue?

A
  • soft connective tissue
  • hard connective tissue
  • blood and lymph
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15
Q

List some examples of soft CT

A
  • tendons
  • ligaments
  • mesentery
  • stroma of organs
  • dermis
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16
Q

List some examples of hard CT

A
  • bone
  • cartilage
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17
Q

What is CT made up of?

A
  • ecm
  • cells
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18
Q

What are the components of ECM?

A
  • fibres (collagen, reticular, elastic)
  • ground substance (amorphous material made of GAGs)
  • tissue fluid
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19
Q

What cell types are present in different CT?

A
  • fibroblasts (maintain and produce ECM)
  • adipose cells (fat cells)
  • osteocytes (bone cells)
  • chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
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20
Q

What are the defining characteristics of loose CT (soft)

A
  • collagen fibres run in bundles
  • collagen fibres don’t run parallel
  • loosely packed fibres
  • abundant ground substance
  • relatively plentiful cells
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21
Q

What are the defining characteristics of dense regular CT

A
  • collagen fibres run parallel and tightly packed
22
Q

What are the defining characteristics of dense irregular CT

A

tightly packed irregular collagen fibres

23
Q

What are the features of cartilage?

A
  • strong
  • flexible
  • compressible
  • semi rigid tissue
24
Q

What causes cartilage to be semi-rigid?

A

highly hydrated nature of ground substance

25
Q

Cartilage is avascular. How does it receive nutrients?

A

receives nutrients from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix

26
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibrocartilage
27
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  • cortical
  • trabecular
28
Q

Describe the features of cortical bone

A
  • dense bone
  • forms outer shell
  • makes up shaft
29
Q

Describe the features of trabecular bone

A
  • found in epiphyses of bone
  • fine meshwork
  • made up of trabeculae (bony spurs)
30
Q

How is force produced by muscle contraction?

A

force produced by the movement of actin fibres of myosin fibres with the aid of a number of accessory proteins

31
Q

What are the major muscle types?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • skeletal muscle
  • cardiac muscle
32
Q

What are the features of smooth muscle?

A
  • most simple structure
  • no visible striations
  • predominantly found in organs
  • not under conscious control
33
Q

Describe smooth muscle cells

A
  • elongated spindle shaped cells
  • 20-200 micrometres
  • cigar shaped nucleus near the centre
34
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle?

A
  • multiple striations
  • respond to conscious control
35
Q

What are the features of skeletal muscle cells?

A
  • giant
  • multinucleated
  • cylindrical cell
36
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A
  • walls of heart chambers
  • origins of great vessels
37
Q

What are the features of cardiac muscle cells?

A
  • single nucleus located at centre of the fibre\
  • striations (less prominent)
  • intercalated discs
38
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

sites of end to end attachment between fibres crossing at irregular intervals

39
Q

What are the components of nervous tissue?

A
  • neurons
  • glial cells
40
Q

What is the ratio glia to neurons in the CNS?

A

10 glia to 1 neuron

41
Q

What is the name of the protective CT coat surrounding the CNS?

A

meninges

42
Q

What is the name of the protective CT coat surrounding the PNS?

A

epineurium

43
Q

What are the 3 types of neuron?

A
  • multipolar
  • bipolar
  • pseudounipolar
44
Q

What are the defining features of multipolar neurons?

A
  • most common
  • many dendrites
  • one axon
45
Q

What are the features of bipolar neurons?

A
  • one dendrite
  • one axon
46
Q

what are the features of pseudounipolar neurons?

A
  • short process extending from soma
  • process gives rise to axons in both directions
47
Q

List 3 principle glia of the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
48
Q

What is the function of astrocytes in the CNS?

A
  • support
  • ion transport
  • induction of the blood brain barrier
49
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?

A

production of myelin in the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What is the function of microglia in the CNS?

A

immune surveillance

51
Q

Name the principle glial cell of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A
  • production of myelin in the PNS
  • support axons in the PNS

Foundations of Medicine (5 decks)

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