Histology of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis [LECTURE] | B2 WK4 Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is a _______ tissue
A
Connective
2
Q
What is the composition (%) of blood?
A
55% Fluid/Plasma
45% Cells
3
Q
List the functions of blood (3)
A
- Exchange Medium (Gassess, Nutrients, & Waste Products)
- Carrier of Endocrine Hormones
- Immunity (i.e., contains immune response cells)
4
Q
What is a hematocrit?
A
A hematocrit is a means of measuring the volume of red blood cells typically separated by cetrifugation
5
Q
You have just ran a hematocrit via centrifuge. When looking at the liqud portion (plasma) of the sample, what would you see?
Review: What portion (by volume) is the plasma?
A
You would see the following breakdown:
- Proteins 7%
- Salts 1%
- Organic Compounds 2%
- Water 90%
6
Q
7% of plasma contains proteins. What are these proteins?
A
Albumin
Globulin (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)
Fibrinogen
7
Q
Albumin is a protein found _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________. It is produced by the __________(c)____________.
A
A: Plasma
B: Maintains pressure in the blood.
C: Liver
8
Q
alpha, beta, and gamma glubulins are a protein found _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________. Gamma is special because it is a ______(c)________.
A
A: Plasma
B: Diverse carrier and inflammation related proteins
C: Gammas - antibodies
9
Q
fibrinogen is a protein found in _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________.
A
A: Plasma
B: Key clotting factor
10
Q
What is a “Buffy Coat”? Where would it be found?
What percentage of a hematocrite-formed elements does it consitute?
A
Buffy Coat - Leukocytes & Plateletes
1%
11
Q
What is the “formed element equation”
A
Hematocrit + Buffy Coat
12
Q
The total blood volume is ____ plasma.
A. 50%
B. 90%
C. 75%
D. 55%
A
D :55%
13
Q
What are the formed elements of blood?
A
RBC
WBC (Gran/Agran)
Platelets
14
Q
What tissue is this?
A
Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)
Connective Tissue
15
Q
What is the composition of Blood (RBC Anatomy essenitally)?
A
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoskeleton
- hemoglobin
- lipidsd/ATP
- Carbonic Anhydrase
16
Q
What is the function of a RBC?
A
Gas exchange (CO2 & O2 Transport)
17
Q
How would a RBC appear under a light microscope?
A
Eosionophilic
Biconcave disk (max. SA for gas exchange)
Center is light
18
Q
What provides elasticity for passage through capillaries [RBC]?
A
Cytoskeleton RBS
19
Q
What proteins would you find in the RBC cytoskeleton? (4 main ones)
A
- Spectrin
- Actin
- Ankyrin
- Tropomyosin
20
Q
What is spectrin? Where is it found? What does a mutation cause?
A
Function: helps maintain biconcave shape of RBC
Found in RBC cytoskeleton
Mutations will yield spherocytosis
21
Q
What is a band 3 protein-glycophorin do for blood?
A
It is a extracellular domain of form basis for blood types (ABO)
AKA chain of carbs that give your blood type
22
Q
Identify the structure
A
Platelets
23
Q
What are the functions of platelets?
A
- coagulate
- form plug
- prevent blood loss
24
Q
What cell are platelets formed from?
A
Megakaryocytes (fragmentation)
25
How long do platelets circulate for?
~8 Days
26
What are the two regions noted on a slide for platelets?
1. Hyalomer (light-stained outer region w/ cytoskeleton)
2. Granulomere (darker stained inferior with granules)
27
Platelets have Granulomeres. What are within Granulomeres? (Seen on a scope)
Lyosomes
Secretory granules (contain ADP, ATP, serotonin growth factors and clotting substrates
28
What is a granulocyte vs. a **a**granulocyte
Granulocytes: leukocytes with visible granules in LM with specialized axure-containing dyes (Wright's or Giesma)
Agranulocytes: cells without prominent granules
29
_List_ the two types of Neutrophil granulocytes
specific granules
azurophilic granules
30
What are specific granules?
Specialized functional vesicles (secretory granules/part of phagocytic system) that binds dyes in a distinct manner
31
What are azurophilic granules?
Lysosomes - present in ALL granulocytes
32
What WBCs are granulocytes?
-phils are grany
## Footnote
* neutrophil*
* eosinophil*
* basophil*
33
What WBCs are agranulocytes?
* Monocyte*
* Lymphocyte*
34
You have conducted a differential White Blood Count on a patient. This patient is healthy and
has normal percentages of the different types of white blood cells. Give the normal or healthy
average for each WBC type.
Monocytes: 2-8%
Neutrophils: 40-75%
Eosinophils: 1-3%
Basophils: \>1%
Lymphocytes: ~30% of WBC
**_STUDY TIP - REMEMBER:_**
***Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas***
35
What are the functions of neutrophils?
Phagocytes of bacteria, fungi, & viruses
36
What are the first WBCs on site?
Neutrophils
37
What is the lifespan of a Neutrophil?
4 days
| (hours - 4 days max)
38
What do neutrophils produce upon death?
Puss
39
What do neutrophils produce to immobilize bacteria? (i.e., stop the spread the bacteria throughout the body)
NET (Neutrophil extracellular trap)
40
How do neutrophils move out of the vasculature into CT?
via diapedesis
41
What is diapedesis?
cells become thin, elongate and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries
42
What are the functions of Eosionophils?
* Defense against parasitic worms
* Effector cells in allergic airway diseases
* Recruited to areas of chronic inflammation (release array of cytokines)
* Phagocytose antigen antibody complexes
43
What is the lifespand of eosinophils in BLOOD vs in TISSUE
Blood: 6-10 hours
Tissues: 8-12 Days
44
What are the functions of Basophils?
Defesne against protozoans
Secrete vasoactive agents (histamine, heparin, leukotriene)
Mediate allergic response, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis
45
What WBC has plasma membrane receptors that links antibodies (which antibody?) to antigens to yield a signaling process. This process leads to the degranulation and release of vasoactive agents
Basophil
IgE antibody
46
What is the lifespan of Basophils?
SHORT
47
Monocyte functions
phagocytosis
antigen presentation
production of cytokines
48
What do monocytes mature into in the peropheral tissue?
Monocytes --\> macrophages
49
What is the lifespand for monocytes (what about macrophages?)
Monocytes: Circulation for a few days
Macrophages: years _IN TISSUE_
50
What are the specific macrophages for the following locations?
* Brain
* Lung
* Skin
* Lymph Nodes
* Liver
* Synovial Joints
* Brain - Microglia
* Lung - alveolar macrophages
* Skin - langerhan cells
* Lymph Nodes - dendritic cells
* Liver - kupffer cells
* Synovial Joints - lining of synovial membrane
51
What are the functions of lymphocytes
adaptive & innate immunity
52
What are the three types of lymphocytes
1. B cells
2. T Cells
3. NK Cells [natural killer]
53
Is the lifespan of neutrophils LONG or SHORT?
Short
54
T/F the circulating form of lymphocytes are _immunocompetent_?
True
55
Which lymphocyte mediates humoral immunity?
B Lymphocytes
56
When stimulated by antigens, B-cells proliferate & differentiate into _________________ and produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Plasma Cells
Antibodies
57
B Lymphocytes express what three things on their cell surface
1. IgM
2. IgD
3. MHC II
58
What cells arise from B cells and are highly specialized to produce large amounts of one specifc antibody?
Plasma Cells
59
This type of lymphocyte comprises 60-80% of lymphocytes - they mediate cellular immunity
T Lymphocytes
60
What cells recognize antigens bound to MHC II (TH. Treg)
CD4+
61
What cells recognize antigens bound to MHC I (TC)?
CD8+
[T Killer, cytotoxic T]
62
This cell comprises 5-10% of lymphocytes
NKC
63
What do NKC do?
Kill virus-infected cells and some types of tumor cells
64
T/F: NKC have T cells and their cytotoxicity is not antigen specifc
FALSE
NKC do NOT have T cells, so this means their cytotoxic is NOT antigen specifc
65
What type of immunity would NKC lymphocytes be grouped as?
Innate
66
What is hematopoiesis?
Creation of blood cells
67
Where does hematopoiesis begin in early fetal life?
Blood islands surrounding the yolk sac
68
At about 2 months hematopoietic centers appear in which organ? What occrus when these centers appear?
Organ: Liver
What happens: Erythropoiesis
69
At about 3-4 months hematopoiesis ocuurs where?
Spleen and Bone Marrow
70
AFTER birth hematopoiesis exclusively occurs in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Bone Marrow
71
What are the 2 types of bone marrow?
Red [Hematopoietic]
Yellow [Stromal]
72
Which bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, and platelets?
Hematopoietic (RED)
73
Hematopoietic cells mature and migrate into ____________________ to then enter circulation
Sinusoids
74
What bone marrow produces fat, cartilage, and bone?
Yellow or stromal
75
How does stromal bone marrow get its color?
Yellow color comes from carotenoids in the fat droplets (in high # of adipocytes)
76
What is the CT matrix mostly of reticular fibers that supports hematopoietic cords and sinusoids?
Stroma
77
What is the porgenitor/precursos cells arranged in islands between sinusoids?
Hematopoietic cords
78
Sinuiods are...
Large diameter capillaries containing erythrocutes and llined by endothelial cells with holes in cytoplasm that permit easy entry of cells
79
What are multipotent/pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells?
Produce RBC
80
Myleoid Stem cells form...
* Granulocytes/Monosytes
* Megakaryocytes
* Erythrocytes
81
Lymphoid stem cells form
* B
* T
* NK
* Other lymphocytes
82
What are Colony Forming Units (CFUs)?
Progenitor cells that give rise to primarily one cell type
83
What are the 3 CFUs in myeloid lineage
Erythroid
Thrombocytic
Granulocyte-monocyte
84
What are considered the precursor cells giving rise to a single lineage?
Blasts
85
Which cells give rise to multiple differentiated cell types and can proliferate (undergo mitosis) w/o limit BUT division is *slow*
Stem Cell
86
Progenitor Cell
Give rise to one or related differentiated cell type
limited proliferation potential
Proliferate MORE than stem cells
87
Mature Cells
Do not proliferate
Has all morphological characteristics associated w/ function
88
Precursor/Blast Cells
Very rapid proliferation (a limited # of time)
Some morphological characteristics of the differnetiated cell type, but is not functional
89
Erythrocytes are derived from the
common myleoid stem cell
90
What is erythropoietin?
Hormone (glycoprotein) produced by the kidney - stimulates blood cell formation along with growth factors (GM-CSF, IL-3, & IL-4).
91
During the differentiation process of RBC, what is lost?
Nucleus is extruded
Organelles lost in differentiation process
92
What is a **reticulocyte?**
A reticulocyte is a RBC that is released from the bone marrow into circulation
*They still contain some ribosomes that can be seen in stains*
Within 3 days, the ribosomes are removed and it is offically a mature erythrocyte
93
What is thrombopiesis? From what cell?
Process of platelet formation from megakaryocytes
94
Thrombopoiesis is a (\_\_\_ N) process.
64N - from endomitosis
95
What are proplatelets?
Long processes that extend into the sinusoids & release platelets directly into circulation
96
What is endomitosis
DNA replication but NO cell division
97
Where are the five mature granulocytes found in 5 distinct compartments?
1. Granulopoietic region in marrow
2. Marrow storage
3. Circulating
4. Marginating (adhered to endothelium)
5. CT (when active)
98
T/F: Granulopoiesis proliferation and maturation can occur completely out of bone marrow in circulation
F: Can occur completely in bine marrow
| (Stimulated by G-CSF, GM-CSF, & IL-3)
99
Where does full maturation of monocytes occur?
Monocyte --\> Macrophage
## Footnote
*Occurs in tissue outside of circulation - So they are NOT mature in circulation*
100
Where does the first stage of development in all lymphocytes occur?
Bone marrow
101
Where does secondary/subsequent development occur?
Primary & Secondary Lymphoid Organs
102
Lymphocytes in circulation are derviced mainly from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Thymus
103
What % of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?
70%
104
what is the most common cell in circulation?
RBC (Erythrocyte)
105
Where do mature _Eryhtrocytes_ first appear?
Circulation
106
Where do mature _Platelets_ first appear?
Bone Marrow
107
Where do mature _Granulocytes_ first appear?
Bone Marrow
108
Where do mature _Macrophages_ first appear?
Peripheral Tissue
109
Where do mature _lymphocyte (B Cells)_ first appear?
Peripheral tissue
