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Human Structure - Block 2 - Week #4 - Flashcards - JTC > Histology of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis [LECTURE] | B2 WK4 > Flashcards

Histology of Blood Cells and Hematopoiesis [LECTURE] | B2 WK4 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a _______ tissue

A

Connective

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2
Q

What is the composition (%) of blood?

A

55% Fluid/Plasma

45% Cells

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3
Q

List the functions of blood (3)

A
  1. Exchange Medium (Gassess, Nutrients, & Waste Products)
  2. Carrier of Endocrine Hormones
  3. Immunity (i.e., contains immune response cells)
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4
Q

What is a hematocrit?

A

A hematocrit is a means of measuring the volume of red blood cells typically separated by cetrifugation

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5
Q

You have just ran a hematocrit via centrifuge. When looking at the liqud portion (plasma) of the sample, what would you see?

Review: What portion (by volume) is the plasma?

A

You would see the following breakdown:

  • Proteins 7%
  • Salts 1%
  • Organic Compounds 2%
  • Water 90%
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6
Q

7% of plasma contains proteins. What are these proteins?

A

Albumin

Globulin (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)

Fibrinogen

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7
Q

Albumin is a protein found _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________. It is produced by the __________(c)____________.

A

A: Plasma

B: Maintains pressure in the blood.

C: Liver

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8
Q

alpha, beta, and gamma glubulins are a protein found _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________. Gamma is special because it is a ______(c)________.

A

A: Plasma

B: Diverse carrier and inflammation related proteins

C: Gammas - antibodies

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9
Q

fibrinogen is a protein found in _____(a)_____ and it functions to _________(b)____________.

A

A: Plasma

B: Key clotting factor

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10
Q

What is a “Buffy Coat”? Where would it be found?

What percentage of a hematocrite-formed elements does it consitute?

A

Buffy Coat - Leukocytes & Plateletes

1%

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11
Q

What is the “formed element equation”

A

Hematocrit + Buffy Coat

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12
Q

The total blood volume is ____ plasma.
A. 50%
B. 90%
C. 75%
D. 55%

A

D :55%

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13
Q

What are the formed elements of blood?

A

RBC

WBC (Gran/Agran)

Platelets

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14
Q

What tissue is this?

A

Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)

Connective Tissue

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15
Q

What is the composition of Blood (RBC Anatomy essenitally)?

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoskeleton
  3. hemoglobin
  4. lipidsd/ATP
  5. Carbonic Anhydrase
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16
Q

What is the function of a RBC?

A

Gas exchange (CO2 & O2 Transport)

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17
Q

How would a RBC appear under a light microscope?

A

Eosionophilic

Biconcave disk (max. SA for gas exchange)

Center is light

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18
Q

What provides elasticity for passage through capillaries [RBC]?

A

Cytoskeleton RBS

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19
Q

What proteins would you find in the RBC cytoskeleton? (4 main ones)

A
  1. Spectrin
  2. Actin
  3. Ankyrin
  4. Tropomyosin
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20
Q

What is spectrin? Where is it found? What does a mutation cause?

A

Function: helps maintain biconcave shape of RBC

Found in RBC cytoskeleton

Mutations will yield spherocytosis

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21
Q

What is a band 3 protein-glycophorin do for blood?

A

It is a extracellular domain of form basis for blood types (ABO)

AKA chain of carbs that give your blood type

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22
Q

Identify the structure

A

Platelets

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23
Q

What are the functions of platelets?

A
  1. coagulate
  2. form plug
  3. prevent blood loss
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24
Q

What cell are platelets formed from?

A

Megakaryocytes (fragmentation)

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25
Q

How long do platelets circulate for?

A

~8 Days

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26
Q

What are the two regions noted on a slide for platelets?

A
  1. Hyalomer (light-stained outer region w/ cytoskeleton)
  2. Granulomere (darker stained inferior with granules)
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27
Q

Platelets have Granulomeres. What are within Granulomeres? (Seen on a scope)

A

Lyosomes

Secretory granules (contain ADP, ATP, serotonin growth factors and clotting substrates

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28
Q

What is a granulocyte vs. a agranulocyte

A

Granulocytes: leukocytes with visible granules in LM with specialized axure-containing dyes (Wright’s or Giesma)

Agranulocytes: cells without prominent granules

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29
Q

List the two types of Neutrophil granulocytes

A

specific granules

azurophilic granules

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30
Q

What are specific granules?

A

Specialized functional vesicles (secretory granules/part of phagocytic system) that binds dyes in a distinct manner

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31
Q

What are azurophilic granules?

A

Lysosomes - present in ALL granulocytes

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32
Q

What WBCs are granulocytes?

A

-phils are grany

  • neutrophil*
  • eosinophil*
  • basophil*
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33
Q

What WBCs are agranulocytes?

A
  • Monocyte*
  • Lymphocyte*
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34
Q

You have conducted a differential White Blood Count on a patient. This patient is healthy and
has normal percentages of the different types of white blood cells. Give the normal or healthy
average for each WBC type.

A

Monocytes: 2-8%
Neutrophils: 40-75%
Eosinophils: 1-3%
Basophils: >1%
Lymphocytes: ~30% of WBC

STUDY TIP - REMEMBER:

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

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35
Q

What are the functions of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytes of bacteria, fungi, & viruses

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36
Q

What are the first WBCs on site?

A

Neutrophils

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37
Q

What is the lifespan of a Neutrophil?

A

4 days

(hours - 4 days max)

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38
Q

What do neutrophils produce upon death?

A

Puss

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39
Q

What do neutrophils produce to immobilize bacteria? (i.e., stop the spread the bacteria throughout the body)

A

NET (Neutrophil extracellular trap)

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40
Q

How do neutrophils move out of the vasculature into CT?

A

via diapedesis

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41
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

cells become thin, elongate and move either between or through endothelial cells of capillaries

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42
Q

What are the functions of Eosionophils?

A
  • Defense against parasitic worms
  • Effector cells in allergic airway diseases
  • Recruited to areas of chronic inflammation (release array of cytokines)
  • Phagocytose antigen antibody complexes
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43
Q

What is the lifespand of eosinophils in BLOOD vs in TISSUE

A

Blood: 6-10 hours

Tissues: 8-12 Days

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44
Q

What are the functions of Basophils?

A

Defesne against protozoans

Secrete vasoactive agents (histamine, heparin, leukotriene)

Mediate allergic response, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis

45
Q

What WBC has plasma membrane receptors that links antibodies (which antibody?) to antigens to yield a signaling process. This process leads to the degranulation and release of vasoactive agents

A

Basophil

IgE antibody

46
Q

What is the lifespan of Basophils?

A

SHORT

47
Q

Monocyte functions

A

phagocytosis

antigen presentation

production of cytokines

48
Q

What do monocytes mature into in the peropheral tissue?

A

Monocytes –> macrophages

49
Q

What is the lifespand for monocytes (what about macrophages?)

A

Monocytes: Circulation for a few days

Macrophages: years IN TISSUE

50
Q

What are the specific macrophages for the following locations?

  • Brain
  • Lung
  • Skin
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Liver
  • Synovial Joints
A
  • Brain - Microglia
  • Lung - alveolar macrophages
  • Skin - langerhan cells
  • Lymph Nodes - dendritic cells
  • Liver - kupffer cells
  • Synovial Joints - lining of synovial membrane
51
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes

A

adaptive & innate immunity

52
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B cells
  2. T Cells
  3. NK Cells [natural killer]
53
Q

Is the lifespan of neutrophils LONG or SHORT?

A

Short

54
Q

T/F the circulating form of lymphocytes are immunocompetent?

A

True

55
Q

Which lymphocyte mediates humoral immunity?

A

B Lymphocytes

56
Q

When stimulated by antigens, B-cells proliferate & differentiate into _________________ and produce _________________

A

Plasma Cells

Antibodies

57
Q

B Lymphocytes express what three things on their cell surface

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgD
  3. MHC II
58
Q

What cells arise from B cells and are highly specialized to produce large amounts of one specifc antibody?

A

Plasma Cells

59
Q

This type of lymphocyte comprises 60-80% of lymphocytes - they mediate cellular immunity

A

T Lymphocytes

60
Q

What cells recognize antigens bound to MHC II (TH. Treg)

A

CD4+

61
Q

What cells recognize antigens bound to MHC I (TC)?

A

CD8+

[T Killer, cytotoxic T]

62
Q

This cell comprises 5-10% of lymphocytes

A

NKC

63
Q

What do NKC do?

A

Kill virus-infected cells and some types of tumor cells

64
Q

T/F: NKC have T cells and their cytotoxicity is not antigen specifc

A

FALSE

NKC do NOT have T cells, so this means their cytotoxic is NOT antigen specifc

65
Q

What type of immunity would NKC lymphocytes be grouped as?

A

Innate

66
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

Creation of blood cells

67
Q

Where does hematopoiesis begin in early fetal life?

A

Blood islands surrounding the yolk sac

68
Q

At about 2 months hematopoietic centers appear in which organ? What occrus when these centers appear?

A

Organ: Liver

What happens: Erythropoiesis

69
Q

At about 3-4 months hematopoiesis ocuurs where?

A

Spleen and Bone Marrow

70
Q

AFTER birth hematopoiesis exclusively occurs in the ______________________

A

Bone Marrow

71
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Red [Hematopoietic]

Yellow [Stromal]

72
Q

Which bone marrow produces RBC, WBC, and platelets?

A

Hematopoietic (RED)

73
Q

Hematopoietic cells mature and migrate into ____________________ to then enter circulation

A

Sinusoids

74
Q

What bone marrow produces fat, cartilage, and bone?

A

Yellow or stromal

75
Q

How does stromal bone marrow get its color?

A

Yellow color comes from carotenoids in the fat droplets (in high # of adipocytes)

76
Q

What is the CT matrix mostly of reticular fibers that supports hematopoietic cords and sinusoids?

A

Stroma

77
Q

What is the porgenitor/precursos cells arranged in islands between sinusoids?

A

Hematopoietic cords

78
Q

Sinuiods are…

A

Large diameter capillaries containing erythrocutes and llined by endothelial cells with holes in cytoplasm that permit easy entry of cells

79
Q

What are multipotent/pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells?

A

Produce RBC

80
Q

Myleoid Stem cells form…

A
  • Granulocytes/Monosytes
  • Megakaryocytes
  • Erythrocytes
81
Q

Lymphoid stem cells form

A
  • B
  • T
  • NK
  • Other lymphocytes
82
Q

What are Colony Forming Units (CFUs)?

A

Progenitor cells that give rise to primarily one cell type

83
Q

What are the 3 CFUs in myeloid lineage

A

Erythroid

Thrombocytic

Granulocyte-monocyte

84
Q

What are considered the precursor cells giving rise to a single lineage?

A

Blasts

85
Q

Which cells give rise to multiple differentiated cell types and can proliferate (undergo mitosis) w/o limit BUT division is slow

A

Stem Cell

86
Q

Progenitor Cell

A

Give rise to one or related differentiated cell type

limited proliferation potential

Proliferate MORE than stem cells

87
Q

Mature Cells

A

Do not proliferate

Has all morphological characteristics associated w/ function

88
Q

Precursor/Blast Cells

A

Very rapid proliferation (a limited # of time)

Some morphological characteristics of the differnetiated cell type, but is not functional

89
Q

Erythrocytes are derived from the

A

common myleoid stem cell

90
Q

What is erythropoietin?

A

Hormone (glycoprotein) produced by the kidney - stimulates blood cell formation along with growth factors (GM-CSF, IL-3, & IL-4).

91
Q

During the differentiation process of RBC, what is lost?

A

Nucleus is extruded

Organelles lost in differentiation process

92
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

A reticulocyte is a RBC that is released from the bone marrow into circulation

They still contain some ribosomes that can be seen in stains

Within 3 days, the ribosomes are removed and it is offically a mature erythrocyte

93
Q

What is thrombopiesis? From what cell?

A

Process of platelet formation from megakaryocytes

94
Q

Thrombopoiesis is a (___ N) process.

A

64N - from endomitosis

95
Q

What are proplatelets?

A

Long processes that extend into the sinusoids & release platelets directly into circulation

96
Q

What is endomitosis

A

DNA replication but NO cell division

97
Q

Where are the five mature granulocytes found in 5 distinct compartments?

A
  1. Granulopoietic region in marrow
  2. Marrow storage
  3. Circulating
  4. Marginating (adhered to endothelium)
  5. CT (when active)
98
Q

T/F: Granulopoiesis proliferation and maturation can occur completely out of bone marrow in circulation

A

F: Can occur completely in bine marrow

(Stimulated by G-CSF, GM-CSF, & IL-3)

99
Q

Where does full maturation of monocytes occur?

A

Monocyte –> Macrophage

Occurs in tissue outside of circulation - So they are NOT mature in circulation

100
Q

Where does the first stage of development in all lymphocytes occur?

A

Bone marrow

101
Q

Where does secondary/subsequent development occur?

A

Primary & Secondary Lymphoid Organs

102
Q

Lymphocytes in circulation are derviced mainly from the _______________

A

Thymus

103
Q

What % of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

70%

104
Q

what is the most common cell in circulation?

A

RBC (Erythrocyte)

105
Q

Where do mature Eryhtrocytes first appear?

A

Circulation

106
Q

Where do mature Platelets first appear?

A

Bone Marrow

107
Q

Where do mature Granulocytes first appear?

A

Bone Marrow

108
Q

Where do mature Macrophages first appear?

A

Peripheral Tissue

109
Q

Where do mature lymphocyte (B Cells) first appear?

A

Peripheral tissue

Human Structure - Block 2 - Week #4 - Flashcards - JTC (9 decks)

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