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Human Structure - Block 2 - Week #4 - Flashcards - JTC > Development of the Abdominal Viscera | B2 WK4 > Flashcards

Development of the Abdominal Viscera | B2 WK4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abdominal viscera embryo timeline? (broad/general)

A

Weeks 3-12

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2
Q

The primary gut tube forms when?

A

At the end of the 3rd week

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3
Q

What is the vitelline duct?

A

Thin stalk that connects gut tube to yolk sac

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4
Q

When is the vitelline duct formed?

A

End of 4th week

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5
Q

What is the gut tube suspended from?

A

Mesentery (double layer) in the body wall

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6
Q

What does the dorsal mesentery attach/connect?

A

Gut tube (esophagus to hindgut) to posterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

What does the ventral mesentery attach/connect?

A

Foregut to anterior abdominal wall

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8
Q

_______________ arteries are branches of the dorsal aorta.

A

Vitelline

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9
Q

Vitelline arteries - function

A

Supply embryonic yolk sac

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10
Q

What happens to the vitelline arteries?

A

Vitelline arteries are reduced to 3 major branches as the yolk sac regresses. The 3 branches supply the gut tube.

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11
Q

What are the three branches that are formed from the Vitelline arteries?

A

1: Celiac trunk
2: Superior mesenteric artery
3: Inferior mesenteric artery

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12
Q

The celiac truck supplies the _______________

A

foregut

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13
Q

The superior mesenteric aa. supplies the _______________

A

midgut

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14
Q

The inferior mesenteric aa. supplies the _______________

A

hindgut

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15
Q

At the 4th week, the stomach develops as a ________________ shape dilation of the foregut

A

fusiform (spindle shape)

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16
Q

Which wall of the stomach grows faster during development?

A

Dorsal

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17
Q

The dorsal wall of the stomach grows faster, so this yields what anatomical features of the stomach?

A

Greater curvature & Lesser curvature

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18
Q

The dorsal stomach walls becomes the

A

Greater curvature

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19
Q

During week 7 the stomach undergoes what type of rotation?

A

90* clockwise about a longitudinal axis

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20
Q

After the stomach completes a 90* clockwise about a longitudinal axis, where is the L side of the stomach?

A

anterior

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21
Q

After the stomach completes a 90* clockwise about a longitudinal axis, what happens to left vagus?

A

Becomes anterior vagal trunk

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22
Q

After the stomach completes a 90* clockwise about a longitudinal axis, where is the right side of the stomach?

A

Posterior

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23
Q

After the stomach completes a 90* clockwise about a longitudinal axis, what happens to R vagus?

A

Posterior vagal trunk

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24
Q

During week 8, the stomach and duodenum rotate. Describe this rotation.

A

Rotate about an anterior-posterior axis

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25
Q

The distal end of the stomach moves where during week 8 (rotate about an A-P axis)

A

superiorly

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26
Q

During week 8, most of the duodenum fuses to the posterior body wall - this make is ___________________ __________________ (2 words).

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

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27
Q

Greater omentum is formed from? And lesser omentum is formed from?

A

GREATER: dorsal mesentery
LESSER: Ventral mesentery

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28
Q

How many layers (of peritoneum) is the greater omentum? lesser?

A

Greater: 4
Lesser: 2 [stomach to liver]

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29
Q

What is formed when the omenta is developed?

A

(1): Greater sac
(2): Lesser sac
(3): Omental foramen

30
Q

What is the greater sac?

A

Rest of peritoneal cavity (not including lesser sac)

31
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

Peritoneal cavity posterior to the stomach

32
Q

What is the opening between greater and lesser sacs?

A

Omental foramen (epiploic foramen)

33
Q

What is the clinical significance of the omental foramen?

A

The omental foramen is found BEHIND important vessels like hepatic portal V., proper hepatic, & common bile duct.

34
Q

The spleen forms from _______________

A

mesoderm – forms between 2 layers of dorsal mesentery

35
Q

As mesentery rotates, how does the spleen move?

A

It will move, like the stomach, with the dorsal mesentery
*Final location = ULQ

36
Q

During the late 3rd week of development, what happens in respect to liver formation?

A

Liver bud (hepatic diverticulum) develops off of foregut tube

37
Q

Where is the liver bud initially growing?

A

within ventral mesentery and developing septum transversum.

38
Q

During weeks 4-6, the liver continues to grow. What happens to its connection to the foregut?

A

It narrows and becomes the BILE DUCT.

39
Q

As the liver continues to grow, and the bile duct forms, there will be an outgrowth on the bile duct. What is this outgrowth?

A

Cystic diverticulum.

40
Q

What is the fate of the cystic diverticulum?

A

Becomes the gallbladder and cystic duct

41
Q

The pancreas forms from what two endodermal buds?

A

(1): Dorsal pancreatic bud
(2): Ventral pancreatic bud

42
Q

The unicate process of the pancreas is formed from what developmental structure? How about the tail of the pancreas?

A

Unicate: Ventral bud
Neck (and rest of pancreas): Dorsal bud

43
Q

After week 6, where is the ventral bud located in relation to the duodenum?

A

Behind the developing duodenum (rotated clockwise)

44
Q

What is the embryological origin of the falciform ligament?

A

Ventral mesentery between the liver and ant. abd. wall thins - this yields the falciform ligament.

45
Q

What runs in the free edge of the falciform ligament?

A

Round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres)

46
Q

The round ligament is a remnant of what embryo structure?

A

Umbilical vein

47
Q

Give the cliff notes version of rotation of the intestine (i.e., be brief)

A
  1. midgut elongates quickly. This forms the primary intestinal loop
  2. Primary intestinal loop will herniate into umbilicus by 6th week
  3. by 11th week - loop rotates 270* counterclockwise (as it being pulled back into abdomen)
48
Q

What is the superior loop of the primary intestinal loop? What anatomical structures does it contain?

A

Cranial (cephalic) limb
-inferior 1/2 duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum

49
Q

What is the inferior loop of the primary intestinal loop? What anatomical structures does it contain?

A

Caudal limb
-part of ileum
-cecum
-proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

50
Q

During week 6, the loop will enter the umbilicus. It undergoes a _____* rotation and the cranial limb is on the ________ side of the body and the caudal limb is on the ________ side of the body

A

90*
Right
Left

51
Q

The primary intestinal loop continues to grow and differentiate (while herinated in umbulicus) up and through what week?

A

Week 10

52
Q

At week 10-11, the midgut retracts into the abdomen undergoing a ____ degree cointerclockwise rotation about the SMA.

A

180

53
Q

After this 180* rotation, the cranial limb goes to the ____ side of the abdomen

A

LEFT

54
Q

After this 180* rotation, the caudal limb goes to the ____ side of the abdomen

A

RIGHT

55
Q

After the pulling of the caudal and cranial limbs back into the abdomen, where is the transverse colon (in correlation to the duodenum)? What about the cecum and ascending colon (in correlation to the liver)?

A

Transverse colon is now anterior to duodenum
*note the cecum and ascending colon are located just inf. to the liver at this point

56
Q

During week 11 the ascending and descending colon become ______________ _____________ (2 words) as their mesenteries fuse to body walls.

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal

57
Q

When does the vitelline duct regress and disappear?

A

After the rotation of the intestine (week 11+)

58
Q

What is congenital pyloric stenosis?

A

Hypertrophy of the pyloric muscle
(Lumen is narrowed, so this obstructs the passage of food)

59
Q

What group is typically affected by pyloric stenosis?

A

Newborns between birth - 6 months (typ. around 3 weeks)

60
Q

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

A

Non-bilious, projectile vomiting after feeding
Sometimes a olive-like bump can appear in upper epigastric region

61
Q

Treatment for pyloric stenosis

A

pyloromyotomy

62
Q

What is omphalocele?

A

Failure of the intestines to return to the abdominal cavity in 10th-11th week.

63
Q

Where are the intestines located for a newborn suffering from omphalocele?

A

umbilical cord (covered in amnion)

64
Q

What is the omphalocele morality rate? Why?

A

High - b/c of other abnormalities seen with this disease (Cardiac, chromosomal, NTDs, etc.)

65
Q

What disease is characterized by intestines that herniate lateral to umbilicus, no amnion on intestines, and is ultimately caused by abdominal wall defects?

A

Gastroschisis

66
Q

What is Ileal Diverticulum (Meckel’s Diverticulum)?

A

Portion of the vitelline duct that failed to degenerate - this yields a diverticulum attached to the ileum.

67
Q

What tissue CAN be contained in Meckel’s diverticulum (but not always)?

A

heterotopic tissue (pancrease, gastric) – this can cause ulceration, bleeding, and perforation (can mimic appendicitis)

68
Q

Ileal Diverticulum often follows the “rules of 2s” - what are these rules? [6]

A
  1. 2% of population
  2. 2ft from valve
  3. 2in length
  4. 2 types of ectopic tissue [gastric, pancreatic]
  5. Common at 2 years (appearance)
  6. Males 2x more likely
69
Q

What is malrotation of the intestines?

A

Malrotation of the intestines is when the intestines rotate in a non-traditional pattern.

70
Q

What is volvulus?

A

Torsion of intestines

71
Q

What does volvulus lead to?

A
  • Severe GI Pain
  • Bilious vomiting [green bc of bile]
  • Compromised blood supply leading to tissue necrosis

Human Structure - Block 2 - Week #4 - Flashcards - JTC (9 decks)

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