Histology Lecture 5 - Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diaphysis of a bone?

A

The long shaft

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2
Q

Where are epiphyses found?

A

At the ends of long bones

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3
Q

What type of cartilage covers articular surfaces?

A

Hyaline

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4
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the nose and respiratory tree?

A

Hyaline

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5
Q

What comprises hyaline cartilage?

A

Type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (aggrecan shit).

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6
Q

Where is collagen type IX found?

A

Found in hyaline cartilage, it coats the type II fibrils and is called “fibril-associated collagen”

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7
Q

What are lacunae?

A

Refers to a “hole,” can be found in cartilage and bone, and is where the cells hang out (chrondrocytes in cartilage, osteocytes in bone).

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8
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Dense irregular CT surrounding hyaline cartilage (except in articular surfaces) and elastic cartilage. Also does NOT surround fibrocartilage.

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9
Q

What is the only branching CT?

A

Elastin

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10
Q

Where are isogenic clusters found? What are they involved in?

A

These clusters of chondrocytes are found in hyaline cartilage and are involved in interstitial growth.

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11
Q

Where do osteons occur?

A

Compact bone only

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12
Q

What type of collagen do fibroblasts synthesize?

A

Type I

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13
Q

Where are perichondrial cells found? What can these cells do?

A

In the perichondrium (dense irregular CT surrounding hyaline cartilage). These cells look like fibroblasts and can differentiate into chondroblasts to build cartilage via appositional growth.

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14
Q

What does fibrocartilage look like under LM? Where is it found in the body?

A

Looks like a mix between dense CT and cartilage. Found in vertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, and symphysis pubis.

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15
Q

What differentiates elastic cartilage from hyaline? Where is elastic cartilage found in the body?

A

Silver stain must be used to show elastin fibers, or else cannot tell difference. Found in ear, epiglottis, eustachian tube.

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16
Q

What percentage of bone is organic? What is the majority of the organic substance made of?

A

30% by dry weight, and 95% of that is type I collagen

17
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

The crystalline calcium-phosphate that impregnates collagen fibers of bone.

18
Q

What is found in spongy bone?

A

Red marrow, blood vessels.

19
Q

What is woven bone diagnostic of?

A

It indicates that the bone is in the growth stage. Has a high osteocyte/matrix ratio.

20
Q

What are lamellae? What are the types?

A

The “layers” in bone (like tree rings). Types are outer and inner circumferential, Haversian, and interstitial.

21
Q

What are Volkmann canals?

A

Vascular connections between Haversian canals.

22
Q

What are canniculi?

A

The holes that allow for gap junctions in bone between osteocytes.

23
Q

What is the periosteum? What connects it to the bone?

A

Sheath that surrounds the bone. Sharpey fibers hold it to the bone.

24
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Sheath that lines the medullary cavity of bone.

25
Q

What is an osteoid?

A

Newly synthesized, UNCALCIFIED bone matrix.

26
Q

What are mesenchymal cells? Where are they found?

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoclasts –> osteocytes, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. They are found in the ECM.

27
Q

What to osteoclasts differentiate from?

A

Monocytes (White blood cells) in circulation.