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Histology > Histology Lecture 4 - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology Lecture 4 - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is mesentery?

A

A “sandwich” consisting of loose CT placed between two layers of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium of peritoneum).

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2
Q

What are the two main components of the CT?

A
  1. Cellular components

2. ECM components

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3
Q

Name three examples of indigenous CT cells.

A

Mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes

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4
Q

Where do immigrant CT cells originate from?

A

From hematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow. They circulate in the blood and go into the CT to differentiate and perform their functions.

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5
Q

Name five examples of immigrant CT cells.

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Mast cells
  5. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (eosinophils and neutrophils)
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6
Q

What are the two ECM components?

A

Fibrous and ground substance.

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7
Q

What makes up the fibrous component of the extracellular connective tissue?

A

Elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers (Type III collagen)

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8
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

Tendons, ligaments.

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9
Q

If tightly packed collagen arranged in a parallel fashion is seen, what type of connective tissue is this?

A

Dense regular CT

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10
Q

Densely packed collagen fibers that are not arranged in a parallel fashion are typical of what type of CT?

A

Dense irregular CT

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11
Q

What is the major cell type in dense CT?

A

Fibroblasts

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12
Q

What do fibroblasts synthesize?

A

Collagen, other ECM molecules like elastin, proteoglycans

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13
Q

Are fibroblasts immigrant or indigenous to the CT?

A

Indigenous

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14
Q

Where is Type III collagen found?

A

Reticular lamina/CT, blood vessels

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15
Q

Where is Type II collagen found?

A

Cartilage

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16
Q

Describe collagen structure.

A

Three alpha chains in a triple helix. Gly every three AAs allows for tight packing.

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17
Q

What is procollagen? How is mature collagen formed?

A

Procollagen is synthesized in fibroblast and secreted. It is then cleaved by peptidases and then assembles into fibrils, then cross-links with lysyl oxidase enzyme.

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18
Q

What disease results in the over-accumulation of collagen, leading to hardening and functional impairment of various organs like skin, GI tract, muscle?

A

Progressive Systemic Sclerosis.

19
Q

What can result from vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy - unable to hydroxylate proline and lysine.

20
Q

What is the most common type of CT?

A

Loose CT

21
Q

What does loose CT do? What is its composition?

A

Holds organs in place, attached epithelium to underlying tissues, surrounds blood vessels and nerves. Has a higher number of cells and ground substance, and lower abundance of fibers.

22
Q

What do macrophages look like under LM?

A

They are seen as large, irregularly-shaped nuclei, and have cytoplasmic vacuoles (phagosomes) that contain phagocytized shit.

23
Q

What do plasma cells do? Can they be found in CT?

A

They synthesize Igs, and can be found in loose CT

24
Q

What do plasma cells like like under LM?

A

Plasma cells have nuclei with a “clock-face” appearance due to heterochromatin, and have a basophilic cytoplasm due to lots of RER for Ig synthesis.

25
Q

How are Mast cells involved in anaphylaxis?

A

Their granules contain histamine and heparin (a vasodilator) which are both released when the cells bind an IgE (from a previous encounter with an antigen).

26
Q

What stimulates polymorphonuclear leukocytes to enter the CT?

A

Chemotactic cytokines

27
Q

What do polymorphonuclear leukocytes look like under LM?

A

They have bilobed/multilobed nuclei. Eosinic granules are bright red (eosinophilic), and neutrophils’ granules stain light pink.

28
Q

What do Mast cells participate in?

A

Allergic reactions, and metachromasia occurs in these cells (there’s that one slide)

29
Q

Where is elastic connective tissue found?

A

Blood vessels, skin, lungs

30
Q

What are the two forms of elastic CT?

A
  1. Lamellar (found in large blood vessels predominantly as lamellae)
  2. Fibrillar (found in non-vascular tissues; it is distinguished from collagen by the presence of branching)
31
Q

What is cutis laxa?

A

Caused by mutations in elastin gene. Characterized by loose, hanging, wrinkled skin.

32
Q

What are the two types of Adipose tissue and what do they do?

A

White is for storage, brown is for heat production.

33
Q

What do white adipose cells look like under LM?

A

They have a large non-staining fat storage vacuole, and squished nuclei, thin cytoplasm.

34
Q

What do brown adipose cells look like under LM?

A

Polygonal cells with many lipid droplets inside.

35
Q

Where is regular CT found and what is its function?

A

Forms a supportive, flexible network within and around organs and structures that must change size or volume (spleen, sinusoids, lymph nodes).

36
Q

How is regular CT best visualized?

A

Its reticular fibers are seen well with silver stain

37
Q

What synthesizes the reticular lamina?

A

Fibroblasts

38
Q

What is ground substance?

A

The non-fibrillar material between cells. It is predominantly made of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Made by fibroblasts.

39
Q

What is ground substance made of and what does it do?

A

Made of proteoglycans and glycoproteins. It binds tissue components, mediates metabolic exchange, lubricates joints, provides reversible compressibility.

40
Q

What type of CT lies beneath skin?

A

Dense irregular CT

41
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

Loose CT

42
Q

Collagen IV connects what to what?

A

Connects the basal lamina to the reticular lamina

43
Q

What are reticular fibers made of? Are they branched.

A

Collagen III, yeah they’re branched.

Histology (9 decks)

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