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Phase 1 > Histology - IMMS > Flashcards

Histology - IMMS Flashcards

1
Q

What colours do haemotoxylin and eosin stain the cell nuclei an cytoplasm?

A
  • Nuclei = blue - Cytoplasm = pink but colour varies depending on nature of cytoplasmic contents
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2
Q

What do these stains show: - PAS - Van Gieson - Trichrome - Alcian Blue?

A
  • sugars, e.g. goblet cells - elastic tissue - 3 types of cell - mucins
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3
Q

Why do cells vary in size?

A

Depends on metabolic activity, e.g. lymphocytes smaller than nerve cells as aren’t as metabolically active (need less mitochondria)

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4
Q

What are the 6 types of cell shapes?

A
  • rounded - polygonal - fusiform - squamous (flattened) - cuboidal - columnar
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5
Q

What common feature do metabolically active cells have?

A

Nucleoli (within nucleus, site of ribosomal RNA formation)

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6
Q

What is chromatin? What are the two types?

A

Condensed DNA wound around histones. Can’t be transcribed unless decondensed. - Heterochromatin = permanently condensed - Euchromatin = becomes decondensed in the life cycle of the cell

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7
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A
  • powerhouse of cell - site of oxidative phosphorylation - have own nucleus
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8
Q

What is RER?

A

Site of protein synthesis, lots of ribosomes

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9
Q

What is SER?

A
  • site of membrane lipid synthesis - processes synthesised proteins
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10
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • processes macromolecules synthesised in ER - prominent in plasma cells (called perinuclear ‘hoff’)
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11
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • cis face = receives transport vesicles from SER, phosphorylase some proteins - medial Golgi = forms complex oligosaccharides by adding sugars to lipids and peptides - trans Golgi network (end) = sorts macromolecules into vesicles which bud from surface
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12
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small membrane-bound organelles used for transport, storage and exchanging cell membrane between compartments. An example is a lysosome

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13
Q

How are lysosomes formed?

A

Hydrolyse vesicles fuse with endosomes to form endolysosomes

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14
Q

What is the cytoskeleton? What does it contain?

A
  • supports cell’s shape - microfilaments (actin) helps this (smallest, 5nm) - intermediate filaments (6 types) spread tensile forces through tissue = cytokeratin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic, neurofilament, laminin, vimentin - microtubules act as a scaffold for chromosomes during mitosis + meiosis (made of tubulin) (largest, 25nm)
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15
Q

What is lipofuscin and where is it found?

A
  • membrane-bound orange-brown pigment, formed from peroxidation of lipids in older cells - heart and liver
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16
Q

Where are lipids and glycogen found?

A
  • lipids found in adipocytes (fat cells) - glycogen found in cytoplasm
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17
Q

Are all the constituents of the body contained inside cells?

A

No, there is interstitial fluid, e.g. water + extra cellular material, e.g. tendons

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18
Q

A sample of liver from a patient who has a disease that makes them store excess iron in the liver is examined by a pathologist. Which stain can be used to stain iron blue? A - Alcian blue B - Haemotoxylin C - Iron haemotoxylin D - Perl’s stain E - Periodic acid-Schiff stain

A

D - Perl’s stain

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19
Q

Different cells have different lifespans. Which of the following cell types lives for the whole life of a person? A - Enterocytes (gut lining cells) B - Erythrocytes (red blood cells) C - Cardiac myocytes (heart muscle cells) D - Fibroblasts (connective tissue cells) E - Keratinocytes (skin cells)

A

C - Cardiac myocytes (heart muscle cells)

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20
Q

Which stain(s) have been used on this section? A - Alcian Blue B - Giemsa C - Haemotoxylin and eosin D - Periodic acid Schiff E - Perls Prussian Blue

A

D

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21
Q

What is the shape of these cells? A - Columnar B - Fusiform C - Polygonal D - Rounded E - Squamous

A

B

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22
Q

What is the lifespan of these cells? A - 5 days B - 120 days C - 400 days D - 3600 days E - 21000 days

A

B

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23
Q

What is chromatin? A - Mitochondrial DNA B - Nuclear DNA C - Nuclear DNA + proteins D - Nuclear RNA E - Nuclear RNA + proteins

A

C

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24
Q

What is the function of the arrowed organelle? A - DNA transcription B - Energy production C - Lipid degradation D - Protein degradation E - Protein synthesis

A

A

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25
Q

Which metabolic process takes place here? A - Fatty acid metabolism B - Lipid synthesis C - Kreb’s cycle D - Nucleotide phosphorylation E - Respiratory chain

A

C

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26
Q

Which organelle causes this pale area? A - Golgi body B - Lysosomes C - Mitochondria D - Rough ER E - Smooth ER

A

A

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27
Q

What is the function of this organelle? A - Form complex oligosaccharides B - Form membrane lipid C - Protein phosphorylation D - Proteolysis E - Synthesise protein

A

E

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28
Q

Which of these filaments has the smallest diameter? A - Actin B - Desmin C - Nuclear laminin D - Tubulin E - Vimentin

A

A

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29
Q

Which of these intermediate filaments is predominantly found in muscle? A - Cytokeratin B - Desmin C - Neurofilament protein D - Nuclear laminin E - Vimentin

A

B

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30
Q

What is this pigment? A - Bilirubin B - Haemosiderin C - Lipofuscin D - Melanin E - Rhodopsin

A

C

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31
Q

What type of tissue is this? A - Bone B - Epithelium C - Germ cells D - Muscle E - Nerve

A

D

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32
Q

What is epithelia? What are the 3 purposes of the barriers it forms?

A

Epithelia comprise a cohesive sheet of cell, with one or more layers, resting on a basement membrane. Form barriers for protection, e.g. skin, absorption, e.g. gut and secretion, e.g. pancreas

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33
Q

What are the two types of epithelia regarding layers of cells?

A
  • Simple epithelia = single layer of cells on basement membrane - Stratified (compound) epithelia = 2 or more layers of cells on basement membrane
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34
Q

Explain the shape of simple squamous epithelium.

A
  • Single layer of flattened plate-like cells - Parallel oval nuclei (1 per cell) - Lines inside of blood vessels (endothelium), outside of lungs (mesothelium) + abdominal organs (peritoneum)
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35
Q

Explain the shape of simple cuboidal epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells with similar height + width - Central spherical nuclei - Line kidney tubules, small ducts
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36
Q

Explain the shape of simple columnar epithelium.

A
  • Single layer of cells taller than they are wide - May or may not have cilia (wafts material on surface across epithelium) or microvilli (microvilli increase s.a. for absorption of water + nutrients) - Lines stomach, intestines + uterus
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37
Q

Where do we generally find stratified epithelia?

A

Found at sites subject to abrasive forces, e.g. mouth

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38
Q

Describe the shape of stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium.

A
  • Multiple layer of cells, plate-like squares - Produces no keratin, so found in areas not in need of waterproofing, e.g. oesophagus
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39
Q

Describe the shape of stratified squamous keratinising epithelium.

A
  • Multiple layers of cells, plate-like squames - Keratin = waterproof, so found on skin
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40
Q

Describe the shape of pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • Single layer of cells of variable height. Tricks you into thinking it’s multiple layers. - All in contact with basement membrane, but nuclei at varying heights
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41
Q

Describe the shape of urothelium (transitional epithelium).

A
  • Breaks the rules - looks stratified, but is a mixture of stratified and pseudostratified - In stratified, bottom layer in contact with basement membrane - In urothelium, several layers are in contact with basement membrane - Top layer (umbrella layer) and then pseudostratified (appears 3-7 layers thick)
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42
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A
  • Always present in epithelia, but can’t usually see it - Can infer its presence from difference in colour between epithelium and underlying connective tissue
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43
Q

What is used to stain basement membrane?

A

PAS

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44
Q

What is the basement membrane made up of?

A

Several extra-cellular proteins including Collagen IV + Fibronectin

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45
Q

How are epithelial cells joined together?

A

Epithelial junctions

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46
Q

Which epithelial junctions prevent diffusion between cells?

A

Occluding (tight) junctions

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47
Q

Which type of epithelial junction spreads forces across several cells?

A

Desmosomes

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48
Q

Which epithelial junction allows the spread of ions and small molecules between adjacent epithelial cells?

A

Gap

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49
Q

Where else might this type of epithelium be found? - A. Blood vessels - B. Renal tubules - C. Salivary ducts - D. Trachea - E. Urinary bladder

A

A

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50
Q

What type of epithelium is this? - A. Pseudostratified - B. Simple cuboidal - C. Simple columnar - D. Simple squamous - E. Stratified squamous

A

D

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51
Q

Which of these can be a feature of simple columnar epithelium? - A. Anucleate cells - B. Cells wider than they are tall - C. Microvilli on luminal surface - D. No basement membrane - E. Several cells thick

52
Q

Where might one find a simple columnar ciliated epithelium? - A. Ectocervix - B. Fallopian tube - C. Gallbladder - D. Small intestine - E. Trachea

53
Q

Where is this epithelium found? - A. Ectocervix - B. Eyelid - C. Oesophagus - D. Palm of hand - E. Vagina

54
Q

Where might one find this epithelium? - A. Bladder - B. Nasopharynx - C. Oropharynx - D. Small intestine - E. Stomach

55
Q

Which two proteins are principally involved in the generation of ciliary movement? - A. Actin and myosin - B. Actin and tubulin - C. Collagen and elastin - D. Tubulin and dyenin - E. Tubulin and myosin

56
Q

Which statement is true regarding this epithelium? - A. All cells are in contact with the basement membrane - B. Found in gallbladder - C. It is pseudostratified - D. It is waterproof - E. It lines the vas deferens

57
Q

Which type of collagen makes up this structure? - A. Type I - B. Type II - C. Type III - D. Type IV - E. Type V

58
Q

Where are the stem cells in this epithelium?

59
Q

Where might one find the hemidesmosomes (different to desmosomes - link cell to basement membrane)?

60
Q

A gland that secretes by shedding individual cells is called what? - A. Merocrine - B. Apocrine - C. Exocrine - D. Endocrine - E. Holocrine

61
Q

Where do connective tissue cells originate from?

A

Mainly derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells:

  • fibroblast
  • fat cells
  • most cartilage and bone cells

Also from haemtapoetic stem cell line:

  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • mast cells
  • blood cells and others
62
Q

What are connective tissues made up of?

A
  • Cellular component, e.g. fibroblasts, adipose cells
  • Visible fibres (extracellular component), e.g. collagen, elastin
  • Ground substance (hydrophilic jelly, invisible) that contains proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans + invisible fibres like laminin. Invisible as does not stain with H&E, so appears as white stains
63
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue?

A
  • Fibrous. Either loose or dense depending on arrangement on collagen fibres within
  • Hard. Either cartilage or bone
  • Fatty. Either white or brown
64
Q

What is the principal extra cellular fibre of connective tissues? How is it secreted?

A

Collagen. Fibroblasts secrete tropocollagen subunits.

65
Q

Where are the first 5 types of collagen found?

A
  • Type I = skin
  • Type II = cartilage
  • Type III = liver, bone marrow, spleen
  • Type IV = basement membranes
  • Type V = placenta
66
Q

What colour do collagen fibres stain with H&E?

A

These extracellular fibres stain pink. They have a variable thickness + length. Often confused with muscle fibres (stain pink but intracellular, so nucleus lies within them). In image, collagen fibres labelled. Blue dots = nuclei of fibroblasts that have secreted collagen

67
Q

How does loose connective tissue appear?

A

Widely spaced thin collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Unsteadiness ground substance

68
Q

How does dense connective tissue appear?

A

Closely spaced thick collagen fibres and fibroblasts. Much less unstained ground substance. May be irregular (top) or regular (bottom)

69
Q

What is reticulin? Which stain is used to view it?

A

Type III collagen that forms fibres. Provides supporting scaffold to epithelial cells in many organs, e.g. bone marrow, liver + kidney. Not visible on H&E - need silver stain

70
Q

How is elastic tissue found? What is elastin? How does elastin stain with H&E?

A

Either found as fine fibres or as sheets of elastin. Elastin fibres may be branched or unbranched. Elastin is produced by fibroblasts. Stains pink with H&E.

71
Q

What is fatty connective tissue mainly found in the form of? What are adipocytes?

A
  • White adipose tissue
  • Adipocytes are large cells containing a single fat globule. Appear as large white spaces.
72
Q

What is brown adipose tissue? Where is it found?

A

Cells with many globules of fat. Found across shoulders and down back of newborn. Important in neo-natal thermoregulation.

73
Q

What is cartilage? What does it comprise?

A

Hard connective tissue. Comprises 2 cell types, chondroblasts (immature) + chondrocytes (mature). These are set in an extracellular matrix rich in glycosaminoglycans + proteoglycans. Cartilage is AVASCULAR

74
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
75
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found? How does it appear?

A
  • Found in synovial joints
  • Chondrocytes surrounded by glassy matrix
  • No visible fibres
  • Perichondium on outside has fibroblasts and collagen
76
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found? How does it appear?

A
  • Found in pinna of ear and epiglottis
  • Visible elastic fibres
  • Bound by a perichondrium of fibroblasts and collagen
77
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found? How does it appear?

A
  • Found in annulus fibrosus + pubic symphsis
  • Visible collagen fibres in matrix
  • Perichondrium
78
Q

What is synovium?

A

Another connective tissue that binds synovial joints. Lines inside of joint capsules + 1-4 layers of synovial cells. Richly vascular

79
Q

What are the 2 types of synovial cells?

A
  • Type A = phagocytes
  • Type B = rich in RER
80
Q

Are muscles a type of connective tissue? What are the 3 categories of muscle?

A

Yes. Smooth, e.g. arterial wall, skeletal + cardiac

81
Q

How does smooth muscle appear?

A

Fusiform cells, central nucleus, no striations

82
Q

How does skeletal muscle appear?

A

Striated, multiple nuclei per muscle cell near edge of individual muscle fibres, no branching

83
Q

How does cardiac muscle appear?

A

Striated (but harder to see than skeletal), central nuclei + branching

84
Q

How can you decide what type of muscle a specimen is?

A
  • Is it striated? No = smooth, yes= skeletal or cardiac muscle
  • Where are the nuclei? Centre = cardiac, edge = skeletal
85
Q

What is the general structure of arteries?

A
  • Squamous endothelial cells surround lumen. Rest on basement membrane (as do all)
  • Surrounded by loose connective tissue (intima)
  • Bound by internal elastic laminate (elastic tissue)
  • Media = thick layer of connective tissue, comprising smooth muscle, some fibroblasts + variable amounts of collagen and elastin
  • Surrounded by external elastic lamina
  • Adventitia = layer of loose connective tissue
86
Q

Where are elastic arteries found? What do they look like?

A
  • Large arteries near heart (aorta + pulmonary arteries)
  • Have layer of endothelial cells (resting on basement membrane), intima lies on top of this, internal elastic lamina, media (contains sheets of elastin), external elastic lamina + adventitia
87
Q

What are muscular arteries? What do they look like?

A

Most abundant. Media comprises layers of smooth muscle although sheets of elastin are still found. Example = radial artery (wrist)

88
Q

What is an arteriole? How do they appear?

A
  • Arterioles are resistance vessels, different to arteries as either less than 100 um in diameter or have 3 or fewer muscle layers. Elastic laminae poorly defined
89
Q

How is the structure of capillaries different to the structure of arteries?

A

No adventitia, no external elastic lamina, no media, no internal elastic lamina, no intima. Only endothelial cells on a basement membrane. Have pericytes on outside to constrict and relax.

90
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries? Where do these appear?

A

Endothelial layer = incomplete, so windows form which facilitate movement of materials. Appear in kidneys + liver

91
Q

How do capillaries appear under the microscope?

A

Capillaries drain into venous system

92
Q

How is the structure of veins and venules different to arteries?

A

No external elastic lamina, have a bigger lumen and a thinner media

93
Q

How do venules appear under a microscope?

A
  • Associated with arterioles, thin walled. Pericytes from arterioles wrap around outside of endothelial cells + form complete layer as venules get larger. Pericytes replaced by smooth muscle as venules become veins
94
Q

How do veins appear under a microscope?

A

Large veins are thick walled (larger media) compared to venules, but thin walled compared to arteries. Smooth muscle in wall may be circular or longitudinal

95
Q

What are lymphatics? How do they appear under a microscope?

A
  • Thin walled like capillaries and veins + have valves
  • Don’t contain blood, pink on slide is the lymph. May contain lymphocytes though
96
Q

How do peripheral nerves appear?

A
  • Composed of axons
  • Supported by Schwann cells that produce myelin
  • Most axons are myelinated (insulating sheath)
97
Q

What are the 3 types of connective tissue within peripheral nerves?

A
  • Endoneurium = present between individual axons
  • Perineurium = surrounds groups of axons to form fascicles
  • Epineurium = binds fascicles together to form nerve fibres
98
Q

What is a neuro-vascular bundle?

A

Nerves alongside blood vessels. Commonly found together in histological samples

99
Q

What is myelin? How is it stained?

A
  • Insulates axons
  • A spiral of apposed Schwann cell membranes
  • Multiple Schwann cells per myelinated axon
  • Schwann cell wraps itself around axon multiple times to produce myelin layer
  • Gaps between Schwann cells = Nodes of Ranvier
  • Doesn’t stain with H&E, but can be appreciated when silver stains are applied
100
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

A
  • Multiple Schwann cells present along length of all axons
  • Myelinated = single axon related to single Schwann cell at any given point
  • Unmyelinated = multiple axons associated with single Schwann cell at any point
101
Q

Images of myelinated axon.

102
Q

How do neurons convey information? Can these be viewed through a microscope?

A
  • Release of neurochemicals at synapses which form junctions between adjacent neurons or between neurons and effector organs. Can be viewed by electron microscopy.
103
Q

Where are cell bodies found in different neurons?

A
  • Motor neurons = grey matter of spinal cord
  • Sensory neurons = dorsal root ganglia
  • Sympathetic neurons = grey matter of spinal cord + adjacent sympathetic ganglia
  • Parasympathetic neurons = brain + local ganglia
104
Q

Examples of neuron cell bodies under a microscope.

105
Q

Which of the following is derived from a haematopoetic stem cell?
- A. Adipocyte

  • B. Fibroblast
  • C. Chondroblast
  • D. Monocyte
  • E. Osteoblast
106
Q

Elastin is found in the walls of elastic arteries. Which cells produce elastin?
- A. Elastoblasts

  • B. Elastocytes
  • C. Elastoplasts
  • D. Fibroblasts
  • E. Hepatocytes
107
Q

Which of the following is a ‘visible’ extracellular fibre?

  • A. Fibronectin
  • B. Glycosaminoglycan
  • C. Laminin
  • D. Proteoglycan
  • E. Reticulin
108
Q

Type V collagen is prevalent in which tissue type?

  • A. Bone
  • B. Kidney
  • C. Liver
  • D. Placenta
  • E. Skin
109
Q

Which of these structures contains elastic cartilage?

  • A. Epiglottis
  • B. Intervertebral disc
  • C. Knee joint
  • D. Nasal septum
  • E. Symphysis pubis
110
Q

What type of tissue is this?

  • A. Brown adipose
  • B. Hyaline cartilage
  • C. Lung
  • D. Loose fibrous
  • E. White adipose
111
Q

Where is this tissue most likely to be found in adults?
- A. Around aorta

  • B. Around kidneys
  • C. Between shoulder blades
  • D. In omentum
  • E. In subcutis
112
Q

What is the primary function of this connective tissue?
- A. Glycogen synthesis

  • B. Energy store
  • C. Heat generation
  • D. Insulation
  • E. Shock absorber
113
Q

Which of the following contains dense regular fibrous connective tissue?
- A. Arterial adventitia

  • B. Dermis
  • C. Penile erectile tissue
  • D. Penile fascia
  • E. Tendon
114
Q

What type of connective tissue is this?
- A. Bone

  • B. Brown fat
  • C. Elastic cartilage
  • D. Hyaline cartilage
  • E. Loose fibrous
115
Q

In which structure is this tissue found?

  • A. Achilles’ tendon
  • B. Intercostal muscle
  • C. Left ventricle
  • D. Tongue
  • E. Uterine wall
116
Q

Which of these is an elastic artery?

  • A. Aorta
  • B. Brachial artery
  • C. Coeliac artery
  • D. Splenic artery
  • E. Radial artery
117
Q

What type of vessel is this?
- A. Elastic artery

  • B. Lymphatic
  • C. Muscular artery
  • D. Vein
  • E. Venule
118
Q

Which structure is present in arteries but not veins?

  • A. Endothelium
  • B. Intima
  • C. Internal elastic lamina
  • D. Media
  • E. External elastic lamina
119
Q

Which statement regarding capillaries is true?

  • A. Their diameter is regulated by pericytes
  • B. They are all fenestrated
  • C. They have an intima and media
  • D. They have a thick adventitia
  • E. They lack a basement membrane
120
Q

Which statement regarding these vessels is true?

  • A. They are present in cartilage
  • B. They contain blood
  • C. They contain valves
  • D. They have a prominent internal elastic lamina
  • E. They have a thick media
121
Q

What type of vessel is this?

  • A. Arteriole
  • B. Capillary
  • C. Lymphatic
  • D. Muscular artery
  • E. Venule
122
Q

What is X?

  • A. Endoneurium
  • B. Epineurium
  • C. Myelin
  • D. Perineurium
  • E. Schwann cell
123
Q

Which cells produce myelin?

  • A. Fibroblasts
  • B. Neurons
  • C. Pericytes
  • D. Schwann cells
  • E. Smooth muscle cells
124
Q

Which statement about the arrowed structure is true?

  • A. It contains perineurium
  • B. It is a break in an axon
  • C. It is a synapse
  • D. It is a Schmidt-Lanterman incisure
  • E. It is devoid of myelin
125
Q

How many axons are myelinated by a single Schwann cells?

  • A. 1
  • B. 2-3
  • C. 4-5
  • D. 6-7
  • E. 8+
126
Q

What is structure X?

  • A. Mitochondrion
  • B. Myelinated axon
  • C. Neurosecretory granule
  • D. Schwann cell nucleus
  • E. Unmyelinated axon
127
Q

If this structure shown relates to sensory peripheral nerves, where is it?

  • A. Brain
  • B. Dorsal root ganglia
  • C. Spinal cord grey matter
  • D. Sympathetic ganglia
  • E. Wall of small intestine

Phase 1 (17 decks)

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