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Phase 1 > Histology - Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Histology - Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mouth lined by?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium. Different from the skin (stratified squamous keratinised epithelium)

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2
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular + sublingual gland

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3
Q

What are the salivary glands lined by?

A

Secretory glandular epithelium as they need to secrete saliva + enzymes

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4
Q

What is the oesophagus lined by?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

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5
Q

What glands does the oesophagus contain?

A

Submucosal glands

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6
Q

What glands are found at the fundus of the stomach?

A

Gastric fundic mucosa = produce mucus

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7
Q

What does gastric body mucosa contain?

A

Parietal cells = release hydrochloric acid and are source of intrinsic factor essential for absorption of vitamin B12

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8
Q

What else does gastric body mucosa contain?

A

Chief cells = produce enzymes that start digestive process in stomach, e.g. pepsinogen, lipase

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9
Q

Is gastric antral mucosa as specialised?

A

No. Still has glands that produce protective layer of mucin, but not hydrochloric acid etc.

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10
Q

After the food has sat in the stomach, in reaches the intestines. What do the intestines do?

A
  • Digest food
  • Absorb food
  • Absorb water
  • Resist bugs
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11
Q

What are the intestines lined by?

A
  • Cross sectionally, we have the lumen (where food is), then the mucosa (epithelial part = glandular epithelium). There are endocrine cells within this epithelium.
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12
Q

In the intestines, what comes after the mucosa?

A
  • Submucosa = connective tissue
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13
Q

In the intestines, what comes after submucosa?

A
  • Muscularis propria = all smooth muscle, contain ganglion cells (make the bowel move)
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14
Q

What are the interstitial cells of Cajal?

A
  • Found in muscular wall of intestine, pacemaker cells (ganglion cells make contractions, interstitial cells of Cajal pace this).
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15
Q

In the intestine, what comes after muscularis proparia?

A
  • Serosal surface (contains all the blood vessels)
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16
Q

Image of layers of the bowel.

A
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17
Q

All of the intestine contains glandular mucosa, but this is arranged differently. What is the basic architecture of glandular mucosa?

A

Crypts. At the bottom, you have stem cells. They produce transit cells, which are found further up. These transit cells eventually become columnar epithelial cells lining the gut

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18
Q

Anatomy of small intestine.

A
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19
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A
  • Digests food (bile goes into duodenum, so there are digestive enzymes, bile salts etc.)
  • Absorbs food
  • Resists bugs
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20
Q

What is the main way that the small intestine increases surface area?

A

Villi, covered in epithelium. Microvilli found on villi. This is to maximise absorption

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21
Q

What is mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

A
  • Lymphocytes in the mucosa of the gut
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22
Q

What do the jejunum and ileum do?

A
  • Digest food
  • Absorb food
  • Resist bugs
  • They have microvilli as well to maximise SA for absorption
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23
Q

In the appendix, what is the mucosa like?

A

Flat, no villi (absorption of food is more or less finished by the time it reaches the colon)

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24
Q

Anatomy of the large intestine (colon).

A
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25
Q

What does the colon do?

A
  • Absorbs a bit of food
  • Absorbs a bit of water
  • Resists bugs
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26
Q

What is mucosa like in the colon?

A

Flat glandular mucosa, no villi

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27
Q

The gut is a muscular tube. What is the general structure of the gut?

A
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28
Q

What is the one exception to this general structure?

A

The stomach. The muscularis propria has a innermost oblique layer, a middle circular layers and an outermost longitudinal layer

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29
Q

What is the tongue lined by?

A

Covered by stratified squamous non-keratinising epithelium on its ventral surface, but it is often heavily keratinised on its dorsal surface due to constant abrasion

30
Q

The dorsum of the tongue is thrown into complex folds known as what?

A

Papillae. Filiform = most common, cover anterior 2/3. Fungiform = tip + sides of tongue, taste buds embedded in epithelium on lateral sides of these papillae. Circumvallate separate anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of tongue’s surface, also contain taste buds

31
Q

What is the epiglottis? What is it lined by?

A
  • Forms boundary between oropharynx + laryngeal pharynx
  • Most of its surface is covered by a stratified squamous epithelium although the lower part of its posterior surface has pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
32
Q

What is the oesophagus lined by? What type of muscle is there at the proximal and distal end?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium. Proximal end, outermost layer of muscle is composed mainly of skeletal muscle but at the distal end it is composed mostly of smooth muscle

33
Q

What is the stomach lined by?

A

Simple columnar epithelium punctuated by gastric pits into which the gastric glands drain

34
Q

What are the rectum and anal canal lined by?

A
  • Rectum = simple columnar epithelium = similar to colon
  • Anal canal lined mainly by stratified squamous epithelium that becomes keratinised at its distal end
35
Q

Picture of parotid salivary gland.

A
36
Q

Picture of sublingual salivary gland.

A
37
Q

Picture of submandibular salivary gland.

A
38
Q

Picture of duodenum.

A
39
Q

Picture of jejunum.

A
40
Q

Picture of ileum.

A
41
Q

Picture of colon.

A
42
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43
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44
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45
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46
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47
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48
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49
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
Q

What are the principle cells within the liver? How are they arranged?

A

Hepatocytes. Arranged in cords with intervening sinusoids

55
Q

Another histological feature to recognise in the liver are the portal tracts. What do these comprise? What is a third feature?

A
  • Comprise branches of:
  • Portal veins
  • Hepatic artery
  • Bile duct
  • A third feature of the histology of the liver is the central veins
56
Q

By convention, we divide the liver into classic lobules. What is a classic lobule?

A
  • Area drained by one central hepatic venule
  • An artificial construct for understanding hepatic architecture
  • Central vein surrounded by cords of hepatocytes. Corners of classic lobule contain portal tracts
57
Q

What is another way of thinking about the architecture of the liver? What is this based around?

A
  • The acinus
  • Diamond structure instead of hexagonal. Based around blood supply rather than drainage
58
Q

What does the classic lobule mean for the hepatocytes?

A
  • Means not all hepatocytes are equal as hepatocytes nearer portal tract will be more richly oxygenated (+ more glucose) than others (blood drains into central vein)
59
Q

What do hepatocytes contain? What do they produce?

A
  • Principle functional cells of liver
  • Abundant mitochondria
  • Large central nuclei (small amount are binucleate)
  • Produce bile
60
Q

What are the three surfaces of individual hepatocytes?

A
  • Sinusoidal (70%) - permits exchange of material with blood (space of Disse)
  • Canalicular (15%) - permits excretion of bile
  • Intercellular (15%)
61
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A
  • The area between hepatocytes + sinusoids
  • Contains reticulin fibres + stem cells called stellate (Ito) cells
62
Q

What are sinusoids? What do they contain?

A
  • Highly specialised blood vessels
  • Contains scattered Kupffer cells
  • Allow hepatocytes to secrete + absorb efficiently
  • Fenetrated + no basement membrane
63
Q

What are:

a) Stellate (Ito) cells
b) Kupffer cells?

A

a) pericytes within the space of Disse. Store lipids and vitamin A
b) tissue-bound macrophages located in the liver sinusoids

64
Q

Hepatocytes synthesise bile. Where does this then drain? What are the bile ducts lined by?

A
  • Canaliculi (inbetween hepatocytes), drains into bile ductules, fuse to form trabecular duct, fuse to form bile ducts
  • Bile ducts lined by simple cuboidal-to-columnar epithelium
65
Q

If bile does not go straight to the duodenum, where is it stored? What is the function of this organ?

A
  • Goes to gallbladder
  • Gallbladder stores + concentrates (by absorbing water from bile) bile and expels bile via common bile duct into duodenum when stimulated
  • Innermost surface is covered by a single layer of columnar epithelium that is folded and has microvilli
  • Beneath the epithelial layer is a muscular layer that allows the gallbladder to contract to expel bile
66
Q

What is the microvilli in the epithelium of the gallbladder important for?

A

They help the gallbladder absorb water from bile to concentrate it

67
Q

What is the exocrine pancreas? What is surrounded by? What are the pancreatic epithelial cells arranged in?

A
  • Comprises majority of pancreas
  • Synthesises + secretes enzymes and bicarbonate-rich fluid into the duodenum to assist with digestion
  • Surrounded by poorly defined fibrous capsule with septa dividing gland into lobules
  • Epithelial cells arranged in acini
68
Q

What is the shape of pancreatic acinar cells? What do they secrete?

A
  • Exocrine
  • Pyramidal shape
  • Rich in RER
  • Secrete zymogens
  • Connected to an intercalated duct –> interlobular ducts (lined by cuboidal epithelium) –> main pancreatic duct (lined by columnar epithelium)
69
Q

Are the islets of Langerhans endocrine or exocrine? What cells producing pancreatic polypeptide are found in the islets of Langerhans?

A
  • Endocrine
  • PP cells found in islets of Langerhans + these produce pancreatic polypeptide
70
Q

Picture of liver lobule.

A
71
Q
A

Phase 1 (17 decks)

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