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Y1 - Gastrointestinal > Histology - GI tract > Flashcards

Histology - GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the epithelium of the:

  • oral cavity
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
A

stratified squamous epithelium

usually non-keratinised

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2
Q

Describe the epithelium of the tongue

A

stratified squamous epithelium

Anterior 2/3rds:

  • ventral surface = thin
  • dorsal surface = thick
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3
Q

Describe the papillae found on the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3rds:

  • fungiform
  • foliate
  • filiform

Posterior 1/3rd:

  • Circumvallate
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4
Q

Does the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue have substantial lymphoid aggregates?

A

yes, in its submucosa

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5
Q

Describe the types of papillae

A

Have Taste Buds:

fungiform - anterior 2/3

fusiform - anterior 2/3

circumvallate - posterior 1/3

No Taste Buds:

filiform - no taste buds, lots on dorsal surface

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6
Q

Describe the tissue that composes the tonsils

A

lymphoid tissue

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7
Q

Give the layers of the digestive tract

including the stomach

A

Mucosa:

  • epithelium
  • basal lamina
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosae

Submucosa

Muscularis Externa:

  • circular layer (inner)
  • longitudinal layer (outer)

Serosa or Adventitia

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8
Q

Describe the muscularis mucosae

A

thin layer of smooth muscle in the mucosa of the GI tract

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9
Q

Describe the muscularis externa

A

Layer of smooth muscle

2 layers:

  • circular layer (inner)
  • longitudinal layer (outer)
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10
Q

Describe the gastroesophageal junction

Z line

A

The change from the epithelium of the oesophagus to that of the cardia of the stomach

stratified squamous (oesophagus)
-->
simple columnar (cardia)
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11
Q

Describe the mucosa of the stomach

A

simple columnar epithelium

gastric pits –> gastric glands

muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

Describe the gastric pits and glands found in the stomach

A

In the gastric mucosa

Gastric pit
–>
multiple gastric glands

Secrete enzymes and HCl

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13
Q

Describe a gastric pit

A

lined by surface mucus cells

It leads into the gastric glands

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14
Q

Describe surface mucous cells

A

secrete protective mucus

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15
Q

List the regions of the gastric gland

A

Isthmus (top part, joins to gastric pit)

Neck

Fundus (base)

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16
Q

Describe the distribution of cells in the gastric glands

A

Isthmus:

  • parietal cells
  • stem cells

Neck:

  • parietal cells
  • mucous cells

Fundus:

  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • (very few parietal cells)
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17
Q

Describe a chief cell

A

Secretes digestive enzymes

Mainly in the fundus of the gastric gland

18
Q

Describe a parietal cell

A

Secretes HCl

Mainly in the top of the gastric gland (Isthmus and neck)

19
Q

Describe the prominence of stem cells in the gastric glands

A

there are lots of them due to the destructive nature of the chemicals being produced

20
Q

Describe an enteroendocrine cell

neuroendocrine cell

A

secrete hormones

contributes to control of secretion and motility

21
Q

Describe how the mucosa differs in different regions of the stomach

A

Cardia:

  • deep gastric pits
  • loosely packed tortuous gastric glands

Body:

  • shallow gastric pits
  • long straight gastric glands

Pylorus:

  • Deep gastric pits
  • branched, coiled gastric glands
22
Q

Describe the muscularis externa of the stomach

Layers?

Function?

A

It has an extra layer of smooth muscle that is oblique to the circular and longitudinal layers

The extra layer helps with churning

3 layers:

  • oblique layer (inner)
  • circular layer (middle)
  • longitudinal layer (outer)
23
Q

Describe the gastroduodenal junctional

A

The abrupt change from gastric mucosa to duodenal mucosa

Occurs at the pyloric sphincter

24
Q

Describe the pyloric sphincter (pylorus)

A

sphincter at the gastroduodenal junction

it is a thickened circular layer of the muscularis externa

25
Q

Describe the mucosa of the small intestine

A
  • Villi
  • crypts of Lieberkuhn

Epithelium:

  • enterocytes
  • goblet cell
  • paneth cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
  • stem cells
26
Q

Compare the histology of the different regions of the small intestine

A

Duodenum:
- Brunner’s glands in the submucosa

Jejunum:

  • Tall villi
  • circular folds in mucosa and submucosa (Plicae circulares)

Ileum:

  • short villi
  • lymphoid follicles
27
Q

Describe an enterocyte

A

tall simple columnar epithelium with microvilli

main absorptive cells of the small intestine

28
Q

Describe goblet cells

A

Mucinous cells that protect the epithelium and lubricate the passage of material

29
Q

Describe paneth cells

A

Found at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn

Roles:

  • regulate bacterial flora
  • secrete lysosomes and defensins
30
Q

Describe villi

A

projections of the mucosa into the intestinal lumen

Layers in cross section:

  • epithelium (enterocytes)
  • basal lamina
  • lamina propria
  • lacteal

(the muscularis mucosae doesn’t enter the villi, instead it runs below it)

31
Q

describe crypts of lieberkuhn

A

Exists between the bases of villi

Extend down into the mucosa

Has panth cells at its base

32
Q

Describe a lacteal

A

the core of a villi

is lymphatic

absorbs fats and fatty acids

33
Q

What is meant by a cell with a brush border?

A

It has microvilli

34
Q

describe Brunner’s glands

A

Found in the duodenum

In the submucosa

Secrete alkaline mucus in response to acidic chyme from the stomach

Mucus neutralises acidic chyme

35
Q

Describe the plicae circularis

A

circular folds in mucosa and submucosa

Found in the jejunum

36
Q

Describe Peyer’s patches

A

aggregations of lymphoid tissue ileum

37
Q

Describe the mucosa of the large intestine

A

2 main cell types:

  • absorptive cells
  • goblet cells

Lots of crypts (straight tubes) extend into the mucosa

38
Q

Describe the teniae coli

A

The discrete stripes of longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa

(i.e. the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa isn’t circumferential, instead it exists in discrete strips)

39
Q

Describe the histology of the appendix

A

Similar to the rest of the colon

Less crypts

Lots of lymphoid tissue in the submucosa and lamina propria

40
Q

Describe the rectoanal junction

A

Change from:

simple columnar epithelium (rectum)
–>
non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (anal canal)

41
Q

Name the 2 plexuses of the enteric nervous system

Location?
Function?

A

Submucosal:
- in the submucosa

  • regulates secretions and muscularis mucosae

Myenteric:
- between the layers of the muscularis externa

  • controls gut motility
42
Q

Summarise the mucosa of each main region of the GI tract

A

Oral cavity –> oesophagus:

  • non-keratinized simple squamous epithelium

Stomach:

  • Simple columnar epithelium
  • Gastric pits and glands

Small intestine:

  • simple columnar epithelium
  • villi and crypts of Lieberkuhn

Large intestine:

  • simple columnar epithelium
  • crypts

Y1 - Gastrointestinal (6 decks)

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