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MSK > Histology: Epithelial and Fibrous Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology: Epithelial and Fibrous Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • Physical protection
  • Permeability
  • Secretion
  • Sensation
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2
Q

Characteristics of epithelia

A
  • Cellularity
  • Polarity
  • Attachment
  • Avascular
  • Innervation
  • Regeneration
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3
Q

Location of epithelium

A

basement membrane

(thin extracellular, felt-like sheet of macomolecules)

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4
Q

epithelium primarily involved in secretion

A

glands

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5
Q

Epithelial polarity

A
  • apical surface - faces exterior surface/lumen of enclosed cavity
  • basal surface - rests on basement membrane
  • lateral surface - communicates/attaches to adjacent cells
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6
Q

Name 3 types of inter-cellular junctions.

A
  • tight/occluding junction
  • gap/communicating junction
  • anchoring junction
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7
Q

Describe tight/occluding junctions.

A
  • impermeable: allows cells to function as barrier
  • encircle cells near apical surface
  • increased junctions means decreased permeability
  • ptns: occludins and claudins
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8
Q

Describe gap/communicating junctions.

A
  • fluid-filled channels that connect apposed cells
  • mediate communication
  • connexin aggregates
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9
Q

Name 3 types of anchoring junctions.

A
  • adherens
  • desmosomes
  • hemidesmosomes
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10
Q

lateral adhesions involving cadherins that interact with actin filaments

A

adherens

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11
Q

lateral adhesions involving cadherins that interact with intermediate filaments

A

desmosomes

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12
Q

basal adhesions involving integrins and intermediate filaments that anchor to basal lamina

A

hemidesmosomes

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13
Q
  1. Bacteria that cause food poisoning target ____ in the intestine.
  2. This causes _______.
A
  1. tight junctions
  2. loss of tissue fluid into intestinal lumen
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14
Q
  1. Helicobacter pylori causes gastric ulcers by binding to ____ in the stomach.
  2. This causes ______.
A
  1. tight junctions
  2. increasing permeability
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15
Q
  1. Pemphigus vulgaris (autoimmune disease) causes abnormal ____ function.
  2. This reduces ____ and causes _____.
A
  1. desmosome
  2. (reduces) cell-to-cell adhesion, (causes) blister of oral mucosa
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16
Q

Describe the basement membrane.

A
  • specialized sheet of extracellular material
  • located adjacent to basal domain
  • selective barrier between tissue permits diffusion of nutrients
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17
Q
A

basement membrane

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18
Q
A
  • apical specializations - microvilli
  • cytoplasmic processes
  • specialized for absorption
  • number and shape correlate to cell’s absorptive capacity
  • 1 mm long with up to 100k present on a single cell
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19
Q

Celiac disease is caused by ______.

A

loss of microvilli on absorptive cells in the small intestine

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20
Q
A
  • apical specializations - stereocilia
  • microvilli of unusual length, long, less mobile
  • microtubule structure with actin core
  • increases S:A for absorption/secretion
  • restricted location: epididymis and hair cells of inner ear
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21
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Simple squamous epithelial cell
  2. Location:
    - (endothelium) lining of blood and lymphatic vessels
    - (mesothelium) lining alveoli in the lungs, loop of Henle in kidney, variou ducts
  3. Function: exchange, barrier, lubrication
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22
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Simple cuboidal epithelium
  2. Location: kidney tubules, glands and associated ducts, terminal bronchioles, covering of the ovary
  3. Function: absorption, barrier, secretion
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23
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Simple columnar epithelium
  2. Location: auditory tubes, uterus, oviducts, stomach, SI/LI
  3. Function: absorption and secretion
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24
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Pseudostratiied Columnar Ciliated
  2. Location: lining of nasal cavity, pharynx, trache, bronchi
  3. Function: absorption and secretion, debris, particulate movement
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25
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Urothelium
  2. Location: urinary bladder, ureters, urethra
  3. Function: barrier, distensible property
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26
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
  2. Location: oral cavity, portions of the pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, urethra, cornea
  3. Function: barrier and protection
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27
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Keratinized straitifed squamous epithelial cells
  2. Location: epidermis of the skin
  3. Function: barrier and protection
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28
Q
  1. Type
  2. Location
  3. Function
A
  1. Stratified cuboidal epithelial cells
  2. Location: sweat glands and ducts, ovarian follicles, salivary gland ducts
  3. Function: barrier and passageway
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29
Q

Name 2 types of membranes

A
  • mucous
  • serous membrane
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30
Q

epithelial tissue that secrete mucus

(lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages)

A

mucous membrane

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31
Q
  • epithelial tissue that lines internal body cavities
  • (forms a smooth, transparent, 2-layered membrane, lubricated by a fluid derived from serum, includes peritoneum/pericardium/pleura)
  • includes mesothelium
A

serous membrane

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32
Q

epithelial cells that produce and secrete a product as individual cells or as specialized organs

A

glands

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33
Q

classification based on how products are released

A

exocrine vs. endocrine

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34
Q

ways that glands are classified

A
  • exocrine vs. endocrine
  • arrangements and shape of cells and ducts
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35
Q

ways that signals are released

A

paracrine or autocrine

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36
Q

Name the gland and its characteristics

A
  1. unicellular glands
  2. simplest in structure
  3. single, secretory cells distributed among non-secretory cells
  4. goblet cells
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37
Q

mucus-secreting cell lining the intestines and respiratory tract

A

goblet cell

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38
Q

Describe exocrine glands.

A
  • multicellular glands comprised of acini (secretory cells)
  • product is secreted into a system of ducts for release
  • parenchyma
  • secretory units supported by stroma of CT
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39
Q

functional tissue of an organ, which does not include CT and other tissues

A

parenchyma

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40
Q

partitions that separate gland into lobules

A

septa

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41
Q

name of structure when entire gland is enclosed

A

capsule

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42
Q
A

serous acini

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43
Q
A

mucous acini

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44
Q
A

mucoserous acini

45
Q

Name this gland.

A

parotid gland

46
Q

Name this gland.

A

sublingual gland

47
Q

Name this gland.

A

submandibular gland

48
Q

secretion is delivered in membrane-bound vesicles to apical surface and undergo exocytosis

A

merocrine gland

49
Q

secretion accumulates within a cell –> apoptosis

secretion and cell debris are released

A

holocrine gland

50
Q

release of the apical portion of the cell, surrounded by cytoplasm within a plasma mebrane

A

apocrine gland

51
Q

branched secretory portion

A

simple branched acinar

52
Q

secretory cells form sac-like structures

A

simple acinar

53
Q
A

simple branched tubular

54
Q
A

simple coiled tubular

55
Q

secretory cells from straight tube

A

simple tubular

56
Q

coiled secretory portion

A

compound tubular

57
Q

saclike seretory units

A

compound acinar

58
Q

tubular and acinar secretory units

A

compound tubuloacinar

59
Q

thyroid, anterior pituitary, adrenal, pancreas (islets of Langherans)

A

endocrine - glandular

60
Q

major salivary glands, liver, pancreas (acinar tissue)

A

exocrine - glandular

61
Q

sebaceous glands, Brunner’s glands of dudoenum, small salivary glands, breast, prostate

A

compound glandular

62
Q

colon, stomach, eccrine sweat glands

A

simple glandular

63
Q

lower urinary tract (renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra)

A

transitional

64
Q

gallbladder, collecting ducts on kidney, endocervix

A

simple columnar

65
Q

respiratory tract including nose and sinuses

A

pseudostratified, ciliated

66
Q

fallopian tubes

A

simple ciliated

67
Q

collecting tubes of kidney, rete testis, small ducts of exocrine glands, surface of ovary

A

simple cuboidal

68
Q

larger ducts of exocrine glands

A

stratified cuboidal

69
Q

epidermis

A

keratinized stratified squamous

70
Q

lining oral cavity, epiglottis, esophagus, anus, cervix, vagina, vulva, glans penis, cornea

A

non-keratinized stratified squamous

71
Q

lining blood vessels (endothelium), lining body cavities (mesothelium), alveoli of lungs, Bowman’s capsule, and loop of Henle of kidney

A

simple squamous epithelium

72
Q
  • gel-like substance with embedded protein fibers
  • mineralized in the bone
A

ECM

73
Q
  • not exposed to outside environment (separated by epithelium)
  • separated from each other by ECM
  • separated into embryonic and adult CT
A
74
Q

types of fibrous CT

A
  • loose
  • dense regular
  • dense irregular
  • special: adipose, cartilage, bone, hematopoietic
75
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  • structural framework of the body
  • protection
  • supports and interconnects other tissues
  • energy storage
  • transports fluids, cells, and dissolved chemicals throughout the body
  • defense against invasion by microorganisms
76
Q

produce collagens, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

A

fibroblasts

77
Q

connective tissue stem cells

A

mesenchymal cells

78
Q

store and release fats

A

adipocytes

79
Q

produce and maintain cartilage components

A

chondrocytes

80
Q

produce bone components

A

osteoblasts

81
Q

produce RBCs and immune cells

A

hematopoietic stem cells

82
Q

ECM of connective tissues (fibrous component)

A
  • collagen: resist tension
  • elastin: stretchable fiber (assembly of tropoelastin, fibulin-1, fibrillins 1/2)
  • reticular fibers: form supportive meshwork
83
Q

aligned and crosslinked to increase tensile strength

A

type I collagen fibers

84
Q

amorpous ground susbtance

A
  • ECM of CT
  • includes proteoglycans, hyalouronan, glycoproteins, and extracellular proenzymes
85
Q

types of proteoglycans

A
  • chondroitin sulfates
  • heparan sulfates
  • keratan sulfates
86
Q

types of glycoproteins

A
  • cytokines
  • growth factors
  • structural proteins
87
Q

cell-ecm interactions

A
  • integrin receptors (bind ECM components and initiate intracell. signaling)
  • syndecans
  • cd44
  • selectins
  • gfrs
  • cytokine receptors
88
Q
  • rich in ECM
  • rich in mesenchymal stem cells
  • some collagen/reticular fibers
  • UC: “warton’s jelly”
A

embryonic connective tissue

89
Q

self-renewing population serving as source of production of differentiated cells throughout life

A

stem cells

90
Q

Adult mesenchymal stem cells are ____ stem cells.

A

multipotent

They can differentiate into variety of cell types including fibroblasts, muscle cells, osteoblasts, chodrolasts, adipocytes.

91
Q

types of fibrous connective tissue classes

A
  • loose CT
  • dense CT
92
Q

types of loose connective tissue

A
  • areolar: low density tissue w/ fixed + wandering cells; widespread
  • adipose: fat containing
  • reticular: rich in reticular fibers; forms open framework for supportive mesh to hold free cells
93
Q

types of dense connective tisse

A
  • dense irregular CT: fibers deposited in random pattern
    • ex: dermis
  • dense regular CT: fibers deposited in regulated pattern
    • ex: tendons connecting skeletal muscle to bone
  • elastic conentive tissue: rich in elastin
94
Q

cell types in loose areolar connective tissue

A
  • fixed
    • fibroblasts
    • adipocytes
    • mesenchymal cells
  • wandering
    • macrophages
    • mast cells
    • leukocytes/lymphocytes
    • plasma cells
95
Q
  • functions to support and bind other tissues
  • hold body fluids
  • defensd against infection
    • found beneath membranous epithelia and around blood vessels, muscles, nerves
A

loose CT

96
Q
A

loose areolar CT

97
Q
A

adipose connective tissue

  • abdundant adipocytes and sparse ECM
  • reserve energy source and insulation
  • support and protect organs
  • found under skin and around organs, within abdomen, breasts, buttocks
98
Q

types of fat

A
  • white fat: functions in energy storage, insulation, cushioning vital organs, hormon secretion
  • brown fat: key thermogenic tissue, abundant in newborns, reduced in adults
99
Q
A

brown fat

100
Q
A

white fat

101
Q
A

reticular conenctive tissue

  • rich in reticular fibers
  • forms open framework to create labyrinth for holding free cells
  • found in liver, BM, lymph nodes, splen
    • meshwork houses blood cells and immune cells
102
Q
A

dense irregular connective tissue

  • ECM of tithglty packed, interwoven collagen fibers running in random pattern
  • fibroblasts = principle type
  • found in dermis of skin, capsules surrounding internal organs, perichondrium/periosteum, fascia
103
Q
A

dense regular connective tissue

  • ECM of tightly packed, regularly arranged collagen fibers
  • fibroblasts = principle cell type
  • resists pulling force
  • poor vascularization
  • wavy appearance (not under tension)
  • found in tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis, dense fascia, joint capsules
104
Q
A

elastic connective tissue

  • high proportion of elastic fibers
  • allows recoil of tissue following stretch
  • found in BV walls, bronchile tubes, special ligaments
105
Q

function to produce collagen, elastin, reticular fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins in ECM

A

fibroblast

106
Q
  • closely packed with their nuclei pushed to side by large _ droplet
  • removes _ from blood, stores, and releases it into bloodstream
  • provides reserve energy source
A

adipocytes

107
Q
  • differentiate from blood monocyte
  • function is phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria, damaged or sick cells, removal of cell debris, and antigen processing/presentation
A

macrophages

108
Q
  • secrete chemicals such as histamine to mediate allergic response and heparin (anti-coagulant)
A

mast cells

109
Q
  • differentiate from B-lymphocytes
  • function to produce antibodies that mediate immunity
A

plasma cells

MSK (8 decks)

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