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MSK > HIS - Ex 2 > Flashcards

HIS - Ex 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Myofibers are separated by _________.

A

Endomysium

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2
Q

Fascicles are separated by __________.

A

Perimysium

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3
Q

Entire muscle is covered by ____________.

A

Epimysium

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4
Q

Group of muscles are called ______.

A

Fascicles

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5
Q
  1. ______ is located in the periphery of a skeletal upscale cell. 2. ______ is occupied by myofibrils.
A
  1. Nucleus 2. Cytoplasm
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6
Q

Myofibrils are composed of _____ and _____ filaments.

A

Thin and thick filaments

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7
Q

Basic structural unit of the myofibrils

A

Sarcomere

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8
Q

Calcium storage site and sleeves around each myofibrils

A

Sarcolemma and SR

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9
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma

A

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

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10
Q

Dilated ends of SR that release Ca2+ and trigger muscle contraction

A

Terminal cisternae

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11
Q

Anchor site for actin (thin) microfilaments

A

Z-line

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12
Q

Contains actin thin filaments

A

I-band

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13
Q

Anchor site for thick myosin filaments

A

M-line

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14
Q

Contains only thick myosin filaments

A

H-zone

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15
Q

Overlap of thick and thin filaments plus H-zone

A

A-band

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16
Q

When a muscle cell contracts, the ____ filaments slide past the ___ filaments toward the center of the sarcomere. The ____ are brought closer together.

A
  1. Thin filaments 2. Thick filaments 3. Z-lines
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17
Q
  1. ___ provides the driving force for movement. 2. ____ drives the movement of myosin heads along actin filaments.
A
  1. Myosin II heads 2. ATP
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18
Q

Contains a long alpha-helical coiled-coil tail that enables several molecules to assemble into large bipolar aggregate or filament

A

Myosin II

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19
Q
  • runs in the grooved formed by F-actin strands - binds to troponin complex - extends for the length of 7 actin monomers - consists of 2 nearly identical alpha-helical polypeptides twisted around each other
A

Tropomyosin

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20
Q

Complex of 3 proteins: - troponin T - troponin I - troponin C

A

Troponin

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21
Q

Binds the troponin complex to tropomyosin

A

Troponin T

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22
Q

Inhibits the binding of myosin to actin (relative to the troponin complex)

A

Troponin I

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23
Q

Binds Ca2+ in the troponin complex

A

Troponin C

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24
Q
  • slow ATPase - red (high myoglobin) - slow, less powerful contraction - contract for long periods without fatigue
A

Type I fibers (slow oxidative)

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25
Q
  • largest and most prevalent type of skeletal muscle fiber - intermediate ATPase - provides power - primarily aerobic - intermediate fatigue
A

Type IIa fibers (oxidative glycolysis)

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26
Q
  • fast ATPase produces fast contractions - largely anaerobic - rapid fatigue - lower myoglobin content
A

Type IIb fibers (fast glycolytic)

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27
Q

Types of nerve tissue

A
  1. Neuron 2. Neuroglia (neuron supporting cells)
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28
Q

Two major parts of the neuron

A
  • cell body - cell processes (dendrites and axons)
29
Q

Functional cells of nervous tissue

A

Neurons

30
Q

Functions of neurons

A

Receive, process, transmit electrical signals

31
Q

Stain that is taken up by abundant rough ER which reflects need to make lots of neurotransmitters and protein to maintain this large cell

A

Nissl substance

32
Q

(Nerve Cell) processes the electrical information

A

Cell body

33
Q

(Nerve Cell) carry electrical signals toward the nerve cell body

A

Dendrites

34
Q

(Nerve Cell) carries electrical signals away from the nerve cell body

A

Axon (only 1 per cell)

35
Q

(Nerve Cell) where electrical signals are transferred from the axon terminal of the nerve to an effector cell

A

Synapse

36
Q

Multipolar neuron

A
  • many dendrites - one axon
37
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • one dendrite - one axon
38
Q

Unipolar neuron

A
  • one cell process from which branches a single axon and single dendrite
39
Q

What surrounds neurons in the PNS?

A
  • satellite cells - Schwann cells
40
Q

What forms myelin in the (1) CNS and (2) PNS?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes - wrap cell process around axon 2. Schwann cell - wraps itself around the axon
41
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Transmission signal jumps from node to node which is why conduction is faster with myelination

42
Q

____ surround axons.

A

Endoneurium

43
Q

____ surrounds clusters of axons forming fascicles.

A

Perineurium

44
Q

_____ surrounds several nerve fascicles.

A

Epineurium

45
Q

Parts of the chemical synapse

A
  1. Presynaptic knob 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Presynaptic membrane 4. Post-synaptic membrane
46
Q

Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic knob contain (1) ______ which is released into the (2) ________ by (3) ________. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the (4) ________. This binding (5) ____________.

A
  1. Neurotransmitter 2. Synaptic cleft 3. Exocytosis 4. Post-synaptic membrane 5. Stimulates the post-synaptic cell
47
Q

Ends of nerve fibers store and release chemical messengers at NMJ

A

Axon terminals

48
Q

Space between axon terminal and muscle cell plasma membrane

A

Synaptic cleft

49
Q

Every ____ muscle cell receives an axon terminal.

A

Skeletal

50
Q

Steps of muscle contraction

A
  1. Nerve impulse stimulates release of Acetylcholine (example) into the synaptic cleft. 2. ACH stimulates changes in the sarcolemma that excite the muscle fiber. This stimulus is carried down the T-tubules to initiate fiber contraction. 3. Enzymes in the synaptic cleft break down ACH and limit its action to single muscle twitch.
51
Q

Function of muscle spindle receptors

A

Monitor changes in length, rate of change, and tension of muscle

52
Q

Specialized fibers inside the muscle spindle

A

Intramural fibers

53
Q

Types of intrafusal fibers

A
  1. Nuclear bag fibers 2. Nuclear chain fibers
54
Q
  • wrapped at the center by type Is nerve fibers - detect change in length and degree of tension
A

Nuclear bag fibers

55
Q
  • wrapped at their ends by type II nerve fibers - detect static muscle length
A

Nuclear chain fibers

56
Q

Muscle fibers outside the spindle

A

Extrafusal fibers (alpha motor fibers)

57
Q
A

a. epimysium
b. perimysium
c. endomysium
d. muscle fiber in middle of fascicle

58
Q
A

a. muscle fiber in middle of a fascicle
b. endomysium
c. perimysium
d. epimysium

59
Q
A

skeletal muscle

60
Q
A

muscle fiber

61
Q
A

a. sarcomere
b. z-line
c. h-zone
d. a-band
e. i-band

62
Q
A
63
Q
A

a. soma
b. nuclei of neuroglia
c. Nissl substance
d. nucleus of neuron
e. nucleolus
f. axon
g. neuron
h. dendrites

64
Q
A

dorsal root ganglion

65
Q
A

dorsal root ganglion

66
Q
A

peripheral nerve structures

67
Q
A

motor end plate

68
Q
A

muscle spindle and tendon receptors

MSK (8 decks)

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