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Urogenital System > Histology/Embryology > Flashcards

Histology/Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general roles of the Kidneys?

A

+ Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes
(inorganic ions) and acid-base balance.
+ Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and
electrolytes in urine.
+ Excretion of many bioactive substances, including many drugs.
+ Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin.
Renin: protease secreted in blood that regulates blood pressure
by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I

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2
Q

How many renal pyramids are there?

A

8-12

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3
Q

How many major calyces are there?

A

2-3

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4
Q

How many minor calyces are there?

A

7-9 or 4-14

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5
Q

What is the name given to the striations extending from medulla into cortex?

A

Medullary rays

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6
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ The tip of each pyramid named the ____________ projects into the MINOR CALYX collecting urine formed by tubules in pyramid.

A

Renal papilla

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7
Q

Where are the Renal corpuscles located?

A

In the cortex

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8
Q

True or False?Proximal tubule, long convoluted part located only in cortex,
with shorter part entering medulla.

A

TRUE!!

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9
Q

Where is the Loop of Henle located?

A

In the medulla

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10
Q

What is the final part of the nephron that links the nephron to the collecting ducts?

A

Connecting tubule

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11
Q

Which major division of the Nephron is a site of blood filtration?

A

Renal corpuscle

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12
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ _____________ arises from Interlobular arteries.”

A

Afferent arterioles

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13
Q

How does blood leave the glomerular capillaries in the kidney ?

A

Via the Efferent Arterioles

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14
Q

Fill in the blanks .” Efferent arterioles branch to form another capillary network , ___________________ distributed within cortex, associated with convoluted tubules.

A

Peritubular capillaries

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15
Q

True or False? The medulla receives 10 times more blood than the cortex.

A

FALSE!! Cortex receives 10 times more blood than medulla.

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16
Q

True or False? The number of nephrons decreases slightly in older adults (increased by
high blood pressure).

A

TRUE!!

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17
Q

If a kidney is donated to a person , which area of the kidney do you expect to see cellular hypertrophy?

A

In the Proximal tubules

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18
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ At beginning of each nephron: renal corpuscle(200 micrometers in
diameter) containing glomerular capillaries surrounded by double-walled
epithelial capsule called ____________________ .”

A

Glomerular ( Bowman’s capsule )

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19
Q

Which layer of the Renal corpuscle forms the surface of the capsule?

A

Outer Parietal layer

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20
Q

What is the epithelium that lines the outer parietal layer of the Glomerular capsule?

A

Simple squamous epithelium supported by Basal lamina

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21
Q

At what level does the epithelium of the Outer parietal layer of the Glomerular capsule changes its epithelium and what’s the new epithelium its has changed to?

A

At tubular pole, this epithelium changes to simple cuboidal epithelium
that forms proximal tubule.

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22
Q

What is the name given to the space found between the Visceral layer and the Parietal layer of the Renal corpuscle?

A

Capsular (or urinary) space , which
receives fluid filtered through capillary wall and visceral layer

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23
Q

What type of cells are found in the Visceral layer of the Renal corpuscles?

A

Stellate epithelial cells called PODOCYTES

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24
Q

What are the main components located in the Bridging slit pores “ Slit diaphragms”?

A

Nephrins
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

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25
Q

What is the name given to the cell body of each podocyte in which several primary processes extend
and give rise to many parallel interdigitating secondary processes ?

A

Pedicels ( or Pedicles )

26
Q

What is the name given to the space between the pedicles?

A

Filtration Slit pores (25 to 30
micrometers wide)

27
Q

What is the most substantial part of filtration barrier separating blood from
capsular space?

A

Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

28
Q

What is the normal GFR in adult life ?

A

125 ml/min

29
Q

What cells are found in the Renal corpuscle?

A

Podocytes
Capillary endothelial cells
Mesangial cells

30
Q

What are the functions of the Mesangial cells?

A

+ Physical support of capillaries within glomerulus.

+ Adjusted contractions in response to blood pressure changes.

+ Maintains optimal GFR.

+ Phagocytosis of protein aggregates adhering to
glomerular filter.

+ Secretion of cytokines, prostaglandins, and factors for immunity and repair of glomerulus. Act as macrophages

31
Q

Fill in the blanks.” Half of water and electrolytes and all organic nutrients (glucose, amino
acids, vitamins) filtered from plasma in renal corpuscle reabsorbed in the _____________.”

A

Proximal Convoluted tubules

32
Q

Where is the Proximal convoluted tubule located?

A

In the cortex

33
Q

What type of cells produce erythropoietin?

A

Fibroblastic interstitial cells in cortical areas near PCT

34
Q

What type of epithelium is located in the Loop of Henle?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

35
Q

Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?

A

THIN Ascending loop of Henle

36
Q

True or False? Less tubular reabsorption occurs in Proximal convoluted tubule than Distal convoluted tubule.

A

FALSE!!The Tubular reabsorption occurs in Distal Convoluted Tubule than in Proximal Convoluted Tubule .

37
Q

True or False? There are more nuclei seen on transverse
sections of DCT.
.

A

TRUE!!

38
Q

The rate of sodium absorption in the Distal convoluted tubule is regulated by?

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

What are the components of the cells in the macula densa?

A
  • Apical nuclei
  • Basal Golgi complexes
  • Varied systems of ion
    channels and transporters
40
Q

What type of cels are found at the Vascular pole?

A

Lacis cells

41
Q

Where is the enzyme Angiotensin - converting enzyme made?

A

Lung capillaries

42
Q

What is the function of Aldosterone?

A

Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in DCT and
connecting tubules, which raises blood volume to increase blood pressure.

43
Q

What are the main cells found in the collecting ducts?

A

Principal cells

44
Q

What is the final site of reabsorption from filtrate?

A

Medullary collecting ducts

45
Q

What is the main function of Principal cells?

A

Principal cells rich in aquaporins, integral membrane pore proteins, that function as
specific channels for water.

46
Q

Which cells maintain acid-base balance by secreting either H+ or HCO3-?

A

Intercalated cells

47
Q

What is the function of ADH receptors?

A

ADH receptors stimulate insertion of vesicules with aquaporin into apical membranes

48
Q

Where are Principal cells located?

A

In the medulla - Collecting systems

49
Q

Where are intercalated cells located?

A

In the Medullary rays

50
Q

What is the major function of the Proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Reabsorption of all organic
nutrients, all proteins, most
water, and electrolytes;
secretion of organic anions
and cations, H+ and NH2+

51
Q

What is the mucosa that line the Ureters?

A

Stratified transitional epithelium

52
Q

What are the 3 layers of epithelium found in the Ureter?

A

+ Single layer of small basal cells resting on thin basement
membrane.

+ Intermediate region containing from one to several layers of
more columnar cells.

+ Superficial layer of very large, bulbous cells, called umbrella cells ,
occasionally bi- or multinucleated and highly differentiated to
protect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine.

53
Q

What are the function of umbrella cells?

A

These are highly differentiated to
protect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine

54
Q

What are the muscular layers of the Ureter?

A
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Middle circular
55
Q

What are the muscular layers of the Bladder?

A
  • Inner longitudinal
  • Middle circular
  • Outer longitudinal
56
Q

What is the epithelium of the Urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

57
Q

How many layers of epithelium are found in the Urinary bladder?

A

6

58
Q

How many layers of epithelium are found in the Ureter ?

A

3

59
Q

What type of cells are found in the bladder?

A

Umbrella cells

60
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ In the Urinary bladder there are Regions composed of lipid rafts containing integral membrane proteins
called __________ assembled in paracrystalline arrays of stiffened plaques.”

A

Urolakins

61
Q
A

Urogenital System (12 decks)

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