Histology/Embryology Flashcards
What are the general roles of the Kidneys?
+ Regulation of balance between water and electrolytes
(inorganic ions) and acid-base balance.
+ Excretion of metabolic wastes along with excess water and
electrolytes in urine.
+ Excretion of many bioactive substances, including many drugs.
+ Regulation of arterial blood pressure by secretion of renin.
Renin: protease secreted in blood that regulates blood pressure
by cleaving circulating angiotensinogen into angiotensin I
How many renal pyramids are there?
8-12
How many major calyces are there?
2-3
How many minor calyces are there?
7-9 or 4-14
What is the name given to the striations extending from medulla into cortex?
Medullary rays
Fill in the blanks. “ The tip of each pyramid named the ____________ projects into the MINOR CALYX collecting urine formed by tubules in pyramid.
Renal papilla
Where are the Renal corpuscles located?
In the cortex
True or False?Proximal tubule, long convoluted part located only in cortex,
with shorter part entering medulla.
TRUE!!
Where is the Loop of Henle located?
In the medulla
What is the final part of the nephron that links the nephron to the collecting ducts?
Connecting tubule
Which major division of the Nephron is a site of blood filtration?
Renal corpuscle
Fill in the blanks. “ _____________ arises from Interlobular arteries.”
Afferent arterioles
How does blood leave the glomerular capillaries in the kidney ?
Via the Efferent Arterioles
Fill in the blanks .” Efferent arterioles branch to form another capillary network , ___________________ distributed within cortex, associated with convoluted tubules.
Peritubular capillaries
True or False? The medulla receives 10 times more blood than the cortex.
FALSE!! Cortex receives 10 times more blood than medulla.
True or False? The number of nephrons decreases slightly in older adults (increased by
high blood pressure).
TRUE!!
If a kidney is donated to a person , which area of the kidney do you expect to see cellular hypertrophy?
In the Proximal tubules
Fill in the blanks. “ At beginning of each nephron: renal corpuscle(200 micrometers in
diameter) containing glomerular capillaries surrounded by double-walled
epithelial capsule called ____________________ .”
Glomerular ( Bowman’s capsule )
Which layer of the Renal corpuscle forms the surface of the capsule?
Outer Parietal layer
What is the epithelium that lines the outer parietal layer of the Glomerular capsule?
Simple squamous epithelium supported by Basal lamina
At what level does the epithelium of the Outer parietal layer of the Glomerular capsule changes its epithelium and what’s the new epithelium its has changed to?
At tubular pole, this epithelium changes to simple cuboidal epithelium
that forms proximal tubule.
What is the name given to the space found between the Visceral layer and the Parietal layer of the Renal corpuscle?
Capsular (or urinary) space , which
receives fluid filtered through capillary wall and visceral layer
What type of cells are found in the Visceral layer of the Renal corpuscles?
Stellate epithelial cells called PODOCYTES
What are the main components located in the Bridging slit pores “ Slit diaphragms”?
Nephrins
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins
What is the name given to the cell body of each podocyte in which several primary processes extend
and give rise to many parallel interdigitating secondary processes ?
Pedicels ( or Pedicles )
What is the name given to the space between the pedicles?
Filtration Slit pores (25 to 30
micrometers wide)
What is the most substantial part of filtration barrier separating blood from
capsular space?
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)
What is the normal GFR in adult life ?
125 ml/min
What cells are found in the Renal corpuscle?
Podocytes
Capillary endothelial cells
Mesangial cells
What are the functions of the Mesangial cells?
+ Physical support of capillaries within glomerulus.
+ Adjusted contractions in response to blood pressure changes.
+ Maintains optimal GFR.
+ Phagocytosis of protein aggregates adhering to
glomerular filter.
+ Secretion of cytokines, prostaglandins, and factors for immunity and repair of glomerulus. Act as macrophages
Fill in the blanks.” Half of water and electrolytes and all organic nutrients (glucose, amino
acids, vitamins) filtered from plasma in renal corpuscle reabsorbed in the _____________.”
Proximal Convoluted tubules
Where is the Proximal convoluted tubule located?
In the cortex
What type of cells produce erythropoietin?
Fibroblastic interstitial cells in cortical areas near PCT
What type of epithelium is located in the Loop of Henle?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which part of the loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
THIN Ascending loop of Henle
True or False? Less tubular reabsorption occurs in Proximal convoluted tubule than Distal convoluted tubule.
FALSE!!The Tubular reabsorption occurs in Distal Convoluted Tubule than in Proximal Convoluted Tubule .
True or False? There are more nuclei seen on transverse
sections of DCT.
.
TRUE!!
The rate of sodium absorption in the Distal convoluted tubule is regulated by?
Aldosterone
What are the components of the cells in the macula densa?
- Apical nuclei
- Basal Golgi complexes
- Varied systems of ion
channels and transporters
What type of cels are found at the Vascular pole?
Lacis cells
Where is the enzyme Angiotensin - converting enzyme made?
Lung capillaries
What is the function of Aldosterone?
Aldosterone promotes sodium and water reabsorption in DCT and
connecting tubules, which raises blood volume to increase blood pressure.
What are the main cells found in the collecting ducts?
Principal cells
What is the final site of reabsorption from filtrate?
Medullary collecting ducts
What is the main function of Principal cells?
Principal cells rich in aquaporins, integral membrane pore proteins, that function as
specific channels for water.
Which cells maintain acid-base balance by secreting either H+ or HCO3-?
Intercalated cells
What is the function of ADH receptors?
ADH receptors stimulate insertion of vesicules with aquaporin into apical membranes
Where are Principal cells located?
In the medulla - Collecting systems
Where are intercalated cells located?
In the Medullary rays
What is the major function of the Proximal convoluted tubule?
Reabsorption of all organic
nutrients, all proteins, most
water, and electrolytes;
secretion of organic anions
and cations, H+ and NH2+
What is the mucosa that line the Ureters?
Stratified transitional epithelium
What are the 3 layers of epithelium found in the Ureter?
+ Single layer of small basal cells resting on thin basement
membrane.
+ Intermediate region containing from one to several layers of
more columnar cells.
+ Superficial layer of very large, bulbous cells, called umbrella cells ,
occasionally bi- or multinucleated and highly differentiated to
protect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine.
What are the function of umbrella cells?
These are highly differentiated to
protect underlying cells against cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine
What are the muscular layers of the Ureter?
- Inner longitudinal
- Middle circular
What are the muscular layers of the Bladder?
- Inner longitudinal
- Middle circular
- Outer longitudinal
What is the epithelium of the Urinary bladder?
Transitional epithelium
How many layers of epithelium are found in the Urinary bladder?
6
How many layers of epithelium are found in the Ureter ?
3
What type of cells are found in the bladder?
Umbrella cells
Fill in the blanks. “ In the Urinary bladder there are Regions composed of lipid rafts containing integral membrane proteins
called __________ assembled in paracrystalline arrays of stiffened plaques.”
Urolakins
