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Urogenital System > Chem Path > Flashcards

Chem Path Flashcards

1
Q

What renal function tests are used to screen for kidney disease?

A
  • Complete urine analysis
  • Plasma urea and creatinine
  • Plasma electrolytes
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2
Q

What are the tests used to assess glomerular function?

A
  • Glomerular Filtration rate - Clearance tests.
  • Glomerular permeability - Proteinurea
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3
Q

What are the tests used to assess tubular function ?

A
  • Specific gravity
  • Reabsorption and Secretion tests
  • Concentration & Dilution tetsts
  • Renal acidification
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4
Q

Which test is used for Endogenous substances used for clearance test?

A

Creatinine

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5
Q

Which test is used for Exogenous substance used for clearance test ?

A

Inulin

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6
Q

What tool is used for a measurement of specific gravity ?

A

Urinometer

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7
Q

Which test can be used to detect Diabetic and Hypertensive nephropathy?

A

Microalbumin

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8
Q

The renal tubular function tests asses what clinical aspects?

A
  • Specific gravity
  • Concentration test
  • Urine volume
  • Osmolality
  • Dilution test
  • Acidification
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9
Q

What are the different clearance tests used for a measurement of GFR for Creatinine clearance ?

A
  • Serum creatinine.
  • Serum urea.
  • Urine creatinine.
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10
Q

What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

The GFR is the rate in millilitres per minute that substances are cleared from the circulation through the kidney’s glomeruli.

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11
Q

True or False? The GFR gives an estimate degree of renal impairment .

A

TRUE!!

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12
Q

True or False? After After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min per year.

A

TRUE!!

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13
Q

What are the different characteristics that make a substance a suitable marker for clearance studies?

A
  • freely filterable at the glomerular barrier,
  • not reabsorbed by the tubules
  • not secreted by the tubules,
  • present at a stable plasma concentration.
  • if exogenous – non toxic,
  • reliable assay procedure.
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14
Q

Give examples of compounds that are used as EXOGENOUS markers to determine GFR.

A
  • Inulin (Sinsitrin),
  • Iohexol,
  • 51Cr-EDTA (isotopic),
  • 99mTc-DTPA (99mTechnetium - isotopic).
  • 125 - iodothalamate
  • Idoacetate
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15
Q

What is the definition of Clearance ?

A

Clearance is defined as the hypothetical quantity of blood or plasma completely cleared of a substance per unit of time.

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16
Q

True or False?The volume of blood from which Inulin is cleared in one minute is known as the Inulin clearance and is equal to the GFR.

A

TRUE !!!

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17
Q

Where is Inulin completely filtered ?

A

At the glomerulus

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18
Q

Which substance can be determined as a highly accurate measure of the GFR?

A

Inulin ( Sinistrin)

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19
Q

What is the Gold standard used to measure the GFR?

A

Inulin( Sinistrin) clearance

20
Q

What are compounds that are used as ENDOGENOUS markers to measure GFR ?

A
  • Creatinine
  • Urea
  • Cystatin C
  • β2-microglobulin
  • Retinol Binding protein
  • Alpha - w microglobulin
21
Q

What is Creatinine Clearance ?

A

Creatinine clearance rate (CrCl) is the volume of blood plasma that is cleared of creatinine per unit time and is a useful measure for approximating the GFR.

22
Q

What is the normal value of Creatinine measurement ?

A

9 – 18 mol/24h

23
Q

What is the normal creatinine clearance for Males?

A

85 – 125 mL/min

24
Q

What is the normal creatinine clearance for Females?

A

75 – 115 mL/min

25
Q

What is a commonly used surrogate marker for the estimate of creatinine clearance ?

A

Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula

26
Q

Where is Creatinine synthesised?

A

In the liver , kidneys and pancreas

27
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Creatinine is an end product of _________.”

A

Nitrogen metabolism

28
Q

What are some non- renal causes of increased serum creatinine?

A
  • a high meat intake,
  • vigorous exercise,
  • some analytical methods are not specific for creatinine,
  • some drugs (e.g. salicylates, cimetidine) can reduce tubular secretion of creatinine and cause elevation of serum [creatinine].
29
Q

True or False? An increase in Serum creatinine means there is a Decrease in GFR.

A

TRUE!!

30
Q

What are the Renal causes of Increased serum creatinine?

A
  • Impaired renal perfusion (e.g. reduce blood pressure, fluid depletion, renal artery stenosis),
  • Loss of functioning nephrons (e.g. acute and chronic glomerulonephritis), and
  • Diseases where pressure is increased on the tubular side of the nephron (e.g. urinary tract obstruction due to prostatic enlargement).
31
Q

What is the most reliable simple routine biochemical test ?

A

Serum creatinine

32
Q

Where is high serum urea observed in?

A
  • Prerenal uraemia due to impaired renal perfusion (e.g. ECF losses, cardiac failure, and hypoproteinaemia).
  • Renal uraemia (acute or chronic renal failure - reduction in glomerular filtrate).
  • Outflow obstruction - postrenal uraemia due to renal stones, genitourinary cancer.
33
Q

When is a decreased serum urea seen?

A

low protein intake (starvation, malabsorption),
chronic liver disease,
renal dialysis,
water retention associated with inappropriate vasopressin secretion or dilution of plasma with intravenous fluids.

34
Q

What kind of cells produce Cystatin C?

A

All nucleated cells

35
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Cystatin C is reabsorbed and metabolised by __________.”

A

Renal tubular cells and it does NOT appear in urine.

36
Q

What are the causes of Distal Tubular Acidosis?

A

Sjrogen’s syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis
SLE
Sickle cell anaemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Chronic active hepatitis
Primary Biliary cirrhosis

37
Q

Fill in the blanks. “ Thirst is stimulated by _________ and inhibited by ______________.”

A

Stimulated by ADH
and inhibited by ANP.

38
Q

What is the primary regulator of water intake?

A

Thirst

39
Q

What is the regulator of water output?

A

ADH

40
Q

What is the unit of measurement for Osmorality?

A

Mosmol/L

41
Q

What is the unit of measurement of Osmolality?

A

Mosmol/Kg

42
Q

Fill in the blanks.” The hypothalamic thirst centre is stimulated by _______.”

A
  • Increases in plasma osmolality of 1–2%.
  • A decline in plasma volume of 10%–15%
  • JGA: RAAS input
43
Q

Where is ADH formed?

A

In the supraoptic nucleus & Paraventricular nucleus of the Hypothalamus

44
Q

What are renal excretion of Na+, K+ & Cl - controlled by?

A
  • Renal sympathetics: increase Na+ reabsorption.
  • Aldosterone: increases Na+ reabsorption, increase K+ secretion/excretion.
  • ANP: decreases Na+ reabsorption
45
Q
A

Urogenital System (12 decks)

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