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SOI2 > HISTOLOGY DIGESTIVE > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY DIGESTIVE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia/Serosa

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2
Q

What is the main type of epithelium found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified, squamous, non-keratinised

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3
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

Lubricate the oesophagus to allow easy passage of food via peristalsis (pharynx –> stomach)

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4
Q

What is the composition of the layers of the muscularis?

A

Upper 1/3: striated skeletal
Middle 1/3: striated & smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the muscularis layers of the esophagus?

A

Striated by CN X

Smooth by enteric N.S

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6
Q

What are the sphincters of the muscularis layer of the esophagus?

A

Pharyngoesophageal

Gastroesophageal

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7
Q

What is the function of the sphincters of the muscularis layer of the esophagus?

A

Prevent reflux from stomach

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8
Q

Where are mucus-secreting esophageal cardiac glands found?

A

Lamina propria of mucosa in terminal

oesophagus

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9
Q

What is the oral cavity formed by?

A 
Tounge
Teeth
Major & minor salivary glands
Tonsils
Periodontium (supporting structures)
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10
Q

What will an ulcerated oesophagus present?

A

Neutrophils (inflammatory cells) surrounding epithelium

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11
Q

What are von ebner glands?

A

Serous glands
Located in tounge
Secrete amylase

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12
Q

What are the main salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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13
Q

What can acinar glands secrete?

A

Serosa (darker)

Mucous (paler)

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14
Q

Where are oesophageal glands proper found?

A

Submucosa of esophagus

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15
Q

What is the organisation of the inner vs outer muscularis layers?

A

Inner: circular
Outer: longitudinal

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16
Q

Why is the mucosa of the stomach folded?

A

To increase SA for production of gastric juices

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17
Q

Where does the stomach extend to and from?

A

From end of esophagus

To beginning of duodenum

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18
Q

Why are there many mucous glands at the beginning of the stomach?

A

To protect neighbouring organs from acid

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19
Q

What covers the lumen of the stomach?

A

Goblet cells

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20
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Indigestion

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21
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus & body
Antrum
Pylorus

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22
Q

What are rugae?

A

Anatomical folds of internal surface of an empty stomach that flatten when stomach is filled with food

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23
Q

What is the gastric mucosa?

A

Mucous membrane containing glands and gastric pits

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24
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Circular invaginations of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa

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25
Q

Where are gastric glands of the stomach located?

A

Lamina propia (loose CT)

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26
Q

What are glands of gastric mucosa?

A

Simple, branched tubular glands in cardia, fundus and pylorus

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27
Q

What are the sections of a gland?

A

Isthmus
Neck
Base

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28
Q

What is the isthmus of a gland?

A

The connection of the gland to the base of the gastric pit

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29
Q

What is the epithelium lining the gastric pits?

A

Simple columnar

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30
Q

Where are mucous neck cells found?

A

Neck of gland

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31
Q

What are 2 characteristics of mucous neck cells?

A

Short microvilli

Apical mucous granules

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32
Q

What and where are parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands found?

A

Pyramidal cells in upper half of gland

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33
Q

What do parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands secrete?

A

HCl

Gastric intrinsic factor

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34
Q

What are the canaliculi of parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands?

A

Deep invaginations of apical membrane lined by microvilli

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35
Q

What and where are chief cells of gastric/fundic glands found?

A

Pyramidal cells in lower half of glands

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36
Q

What do chief cells of gastric/fundic glands secrete?

A

Pepsinogen
Rennin
Lipase

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37
Q

What are 3 “extra” characteristic of chief cells?

A

Lots of basal RER
Supra-nuclear golgi
Zymogen (secretory) granules

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38
Q

What are the types of cells found in gastric/fundic glands?

A

DNSC/Enteroendocrine
Regenerative
Parietal
Chief

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39
Q

What are DNSC cells?

A

Diffuse neuroendocrine system cells

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40
Q

What are DNSC’s categorised in?

A

Open category

Closed category

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41
Q

What are open category DNSC’s?

A

Have short processes that reach lumen –> chemosensory function

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42
Q

What is chemosensory function?

A

Testing luminal content to release specific substances

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43
Q

What are closed category DNSC’s?

A

Do not have processes, therefore have no connection with luminal content

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44
Q

Do DNSC’s have secretory granules?

A

Yes!

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45
Q

Where are regenerative cells of the gastric/fundic glands found in?

A

Neck & isthmus

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46
Q

What is the function of regenerative cells?

A

Replace epithelial cells of gastric/fundic glands

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47
Q

What are cardiac glands?

A

Coiled tubular mucus-secreting glands

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48
Q

What mainly differentiates cardiac glands from gastric glands?

A

Cardiac glands do NOT have chief cells

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49
Q

Where are cardiac glands found?

A

ONLY next to cardio-esophageal junction

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50
Q

What is the cell population of cardiac glands?

A

Homogenous population of columnar cells w/ supranuclear cytoplasm

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51
Q

What mainly differentiates cardiac glands from pyloric glands?

A

Pyloric glands have much DEEPER pits than cardiac glands

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52
Q

What does the gastric juice contain?

A

H2O
Electrolytes
Digestive enzymes

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53
Q

What controls the secretion of gastric juices?

A

Vagus nerve

Hormones

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54
Q

What are lymphoid nodules?

A

Lymphocytes & plasma cells found in lamina propria between gastric glands

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55
Q

What is the function of pyloric sphincter muscle?

A

Extend from the inner layer of muscularis mucosa into the glands so that when they contract, the glands are emptied

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56
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum (proximal)
Jejunum (middle)
Ileum (distal)

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57
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Permanent spiral (circular) folds of mucosa & submucosa that increase SA

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58
Q

Where are plicae circulares found?

A

Distal half of duodenum
Entire jejunum
Proximal half of ileum

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59
Q

What increases more the SA of the small intestine?

A

Microvilli > vili > plicae circulares

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60
Q

What is the function of short tubular intestinal glands/crypts in the small intestine?

A

Prevent intestinal flora from becoming too concentrated in these glands where damage to stem cells could occur

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61
Q

What types of cells are found in the epithelium of the small intestine (NOT the type of epithelium)?

A

Goblet cells
Enterocytes
DNES cells

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62
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Unicellular glands that produce mucinogen

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63
Q

Where does mucinogen (released by goblet cells) accumulate and why?

A

In membrane bound granules which distends the apical region of small intestine

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64
Q

How does the Nº of goblet cells change from duodenum to ileum?

A

Increases

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65
Q

What are enterocytes?

A

Absorptive tall columnar cells

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66
Q

What is the function of the microvilli of enterocytes?

A

Bind to disaccharidases & peptidases to convert polymers into monomers

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67
Q

What overlies the microvilli of the enterocytes?

A

Glycocalyx

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68
Q

Why do the DNES cells of epithelium of small intestine have genes for taste receptors?

A

Taste receptors will communicate with islets of Langerhans to trigger B-cells to release insulin

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69
Q

Description of nuclei and granules of DNES cells of epithelium of small intestine?

A

Spherical nuclei

Basally placed secretory granules

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70
Q

What is an example of a DNES cell of the epithelium of the small intestine?

A

Argentaffin

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71
Q

What does Argentaffin secrete?

A

Serotonin

72
Q

Where does lipid absorption take place?

A

Duodenum

Upper jejunum

73
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Lymphatic capillaries

74
Q

How are lipid droplets transported to the lamina propria of the small intestine (for absorption)?

A

Vesicles filled with small lipid droplets fuse to form large globules that cross extracellular space into lacteals of lamina propria

75
Q

Where are the lamina propria of the small intestine located?

A

Core of villi

Gaps between crypts (glands) of Lieberkuhn

76
Q

What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Simple tubular glands

77
Q

Where do crypts of Lieberkuhn extend to and from?

A

From intervillous space

To muscularis mucosae of intestine

78
Q

What type of cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A 
Goblet
DNES
Regenerative
Paneth
Intermediate
79
Q

What are and where are the regenerative cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?

A

Columnar stem cells

Base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

80
Q

What are and where are the paneth cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?

A

Pyramidal cells

Base of crypts of Lieberkuhn

81
Q

What do paneth cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete?

A

Defensins

TNF

82
Q

What is the main function of paneth cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn?

A

Protect stem cells

Kill protozoa and bacteria

83
Q

Where are the intermediate cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?

A

Thick section of epithelial lining of crypts

84
Q

What is the arrangement of the muscularis mucosae of small intestine?

A

Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
In btw: Auerbach (myenteric) plexus

85
Q

Where are Brunner glands found?

A

Only in submucosa of duodenum

86
Q

What do Brunner glands secrete?

A

Alkaline fluid that protects duodenal epithelium from acidic chyme

87
Q

What is the external layer of the small intestine mainly composed of?

A

Serosa covering jejunum, ileum & part of duodenum

88
Q

What does adventitia cover in the small intestine?

A

Part of duodenum

89
Q

What does the epithelium of the mucosa of the large intestine contain?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Goblet
Enterocytes
DNES

90
Q

Does the mucosa of the large intestine contain villi or specialised folds?

A

No

91
Q

Do the crypts of Lieberkhin of the mucosa of the large intestine contain panteth cells?

A

No

92
Q

Does the mucosa of the colon & cecum contain microvilli?

A

Yes, at apical ends

93
Q

What is the purpose of the dilated intercellular spaces of the mucosa of colon & cecum?

A

Allow passive water transport & active sodium transport

94
Q

Does the mucosa of the colon & cecum have a muscular layer?

A

Yes

95
Q

What are the 3 main components of the submucosa of the cecum & colon?

A

Fibroelastic CT
Vessels
Meissner (submucosal) plexus

96
Q

What does the muscularis externa of the submuocsa of the cecum & colon contain?

A

Auerbach (myenteric) plexus

97
Q

What do the outer longitudinal smooth muscles of the muscularis externa of the submucosa of cecum & colon contain?

A

Taenia coli

98
Q

What is the external layer of the cecum & colon mainly composed of?

A

Adventitia: ascending & descending parts of colon
Serosa: cecum & remaining parts of colon

99
Q

What “serosa” structure is characteristic to transverse & sigmoid colon?

A

Fat-filled outpocketings of serosa

100
Q

What does the lumen of the large intestine contain?

A

LOTS of microbes (microbiome)

101
Q

What is the main difference between the rectum & colon?

A

Rectum contains fewer but deeper crypts of Lieberkuhn

102
Q

What is the organisation of the anal mucosa?

A

Anal columns join to each other to form anal valves that are separated by anal sinuses

103
Q

What is the type of epithelium found in PROXIMAL anal valves?

A

Simple cuboidal

104
Q

What is the type of epithelium found in DISTAL anal valves?

A

Stratified squamous non-keratinised

105
Q

What is the type of epithelium found at the anus?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised

106
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the submucosa of the anal canal?

A

Dense, irregular CT

107
Q

What is the main function of the adventitia in the anus?

A

Attach anus to surrounding structures

108
Q

What is the internal anal sphincter composed of?

A

Inner circular layer of muscularis externa of anus

109
Q

What is hematemesis?

A

Vomiting blood

110
Q

What is ascites?

A

Enlarged abdomen due to retention of fluid

111
Q

What is jaundice?

A

High levels of bilirubin –> yellowish skin

112
Q

What is splenomegaly?

A

Enlarged spleen

113
Q

Why does a cirrhotic liver appear nodulated?

A

Due to proliferation of irregular, dense CT delimiting nodules

114
Q

What is the only parenchymal cell type in the liver?

A

Hepatocytes

115
Q

What is Glisson capsule?

A

Thin capsule of dense CT covering liver

116
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Right
Left
Caudate
Quadrate

117
Q

What are the main functions of the liver?

A

Blood filtration

Bile production

118
Q

What is the portal triad of a classic liver lobule?

A

Polymer that contains extra-hepatic segment of portal vein, hepatic artery, & bile ducts

119
Q

What is the organisation of hepatocytes in a classic liver lobule?

A

Hepatocytes radiate from central vein towards periphery

120
Q

Where do sinusoid capillaries drain blood to and from?

A

From portal vein & arterioles

To central vein

121
Q

Where are sinusoid capillaries found in a classic liver lobule?

A

Surrounding veins & interlaced with hepatocytes

122
Q

What is the flow of the bile like?

A

Opposite to flow of blood

Directed towards duct (not from it)

123
Q

What is the limiting plate of a classic liver lobule?

A

Hepatocytes that line up the portal triad

124
Q

What is the space of moll in a classic liver lobule?

A

Narrow space that separates limiting plate from CT elements of portal area

125
Q

Where does the blood of the liver come from?

A

Mostly from portal vein (nutrient rich)

Some from hepatic artery (oxygen rich)

126
Q

Where are the portal vein & hepatic artery located in a classic liver lobule?

A

Periphery

Directed towards central vein

127
Q

Via which structure does blood flow out of the liver?

A

Hepatic vein

128
Q

What ducts carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder?

A

Left & right hepatic ducts

129
Q

What is bile canaliculi?

A

Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes & drains it into canals of Hering

130
Q

Where are the canals of Hering located in a classic liver lobule?

A

Periphery

131
Q

What type of cell composes bile ducts?

A

Cuboidal-shaped cholangiocytes

132
Q

What do cholangiocytes have on their apical surface?

A

Microvilli & cilia

133
Q

What do bile ducts form when fused?

A

Hepatic ducts

134
Q

What are cholangiocytes?

A

Epithelium of bile ducts

135
Q

Where do bile ducts exit the liver?

A

Porta hepatis (a deep fissure)

136
Q

What is the trajectory of lymph in the liver?

A

Lymph vessels in portal areas fuse & join thoracic duct returning lymph into vascular system

137
Q

At what level does the lymph return to the vascular system?

A

At junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins

138
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A

Sub-endothelial space between hepatocytes & cells lining sinusoids

139
Q

What are the 2 main cell types present in the Space of Disse?

A

Kupffer cells

Ito cells

140
Q

What is the function of Kupffer cells?

A

Phagocytosis

141
Q

What is the function of ITO cells?

A

Vit A storage

Exchange of material btw. bloodstream & hepatocytes

142
Q

What common features are present in the Space of Disse?

A

Short microvilli
Reticular fibers
Non-myelinated nerve fibers

143
Q

Description of hepatocytes

A

3D polygons
Central nucleus
5 month lifespan

144
Q

How are hepatocytes arranged?

A

Radially in interconnected plates around central vein

145
Q

What surface do microvilli “cover” on hepatocytes?

A

Surface of hepatocytes that are facing the Space of Disse

146
Q

What structure do hepatocytes often delineate?

A

Bile canaliculi

147
Q

What are important hepatic functions carried out by hepatocytes (6)

A
  • Exocrine secretion
  • Endocrine secretion
  • Metabolite storage
  • Glyconeogenesis
  • Detoxification
  • IgA transfer
148
Q

What type of organ is the pancreas classified as?

A

Endocrine-exocrine organ

149
Q

What are the main types of cells found in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

150
Q

What are acini?

A

Clusters of secretory cells arranged around a small lumen

151
Q

Characteristics of pancreatic acinar cells

A

Pyramidal serous cells
Abundant RER
Extensive golgi

152
Q

What “extra” features do pancreatic acinar cells contain?

A

Zymogen granules

Basal plasmalemma

153
Q

What are and where are zymogen granules found?

A

Secretory granules

Apical region of pancreatic acinar cells

154
Q

What is the importance of the basal plasmalemma?

A

Has receptors for cholecystokinin & Ach

155
Q

What is the organisation of pancreatic ducts?

A

Intercalated –> interlobular –> main

156
Q

Where are centroacinar cells found?

A

Initial portion of intercalated ducts

157
Q

What is the ampulla of Vater?

A

Fusion of main pancreatic duct with common bile

158
Q

What does the exocrine pancreas release?

A

Enzyme-poor alkaline fluid

Digestive enzymes

159
Q

What is the importance of enzyme-poor alkaline fluid?

A

Neutralizes the acidic chyme as it enters duodenum

160
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced and stored?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

161
Q

What SPECIAL inhibitor do pancreatic acinar cells produce and why?

A

Tripsin inhibitor

Trypsinogen cannot be converted to tripsin within cytosol

162
Q

What is the main cell type found in the endocrine pancreas?

A

Islets of Langerhans

163
Q

What are Islets of Langerhans?

A

Vascularised endocrine cells clustered and surrounded by network of reticular fibers

164
Q

How many types of polypeptidic hormone can an Islet of Langerhan produce?

A

One

165
Q

What are the hormones produced by the Islet of Langerhans?

A 
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
Vasoactive intestinal peptide
Gastrin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Ghrelin
166
Q

What type of cell secretes glucagon?

A

A cells

167
Q

What type of cell secretes insulin?

A

B cells

168
Q

What type of cell secretes somatostatin?

A

Delta cell

169
Q

What type of cell secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

Delta 1 cell

170
Q

What type of cell secretes gastrin?

A

G cells

171
Q

What type of cell secretes pancreatic polypeptide?

A

PP cells

172
Q

What type of cell secretes Ghrelin?

A

Epsilon

173
Q

What is the function of somatostatin?

A

Inhibit production of HCl
Release pancreatic enzymes
Reduce motility of GI tract

174
Q

What is the function of vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

Induces glycogenolysis in liver

175
Q

What is the function of gastrin?

A

Stimulates HCl secretion

176
Q

What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

Inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions & bile

177
Q

What is the function of ghrelin?

A

Stimulates feeling of hunger

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