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HISTOLOGY DIGESTIVE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Adventitia/Serosa

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2
Q

What is the main type of epithelium found in the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified, squamous, non-keratinised

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3
Q

What is the function of the submucosa?

A

Lubricate the oesophagus to allow easy passage of food via peristalsis (pharynx –> stomach)

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4
Q

What is the composition of the layers of the muscularis?

A

Upper 1/3: striated skeletal
Middle 1/3: striated & smooth
Lower 1/3: smooth

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5
Q

What is the innervation of the muscularis layers of the esophagus?

A

Striated by CN X

Smooth by enteric N.S

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6
Q

What are the sphincters of the muscularis layer of the esophagus?

A

Pharyngoesophageal

Gastroesophageal

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7
Q

What is the function of the sphincters of the muscularis layer of the esophagus?

A

Prevent reflux from stomach

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8
Q

Where are mucus-secreting esophageal cardiac glands found?

A

Lamina propria of mucosa in terminal

oesophagus

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9
Q

What is the oral cavity formed by?

A 
Tounge
Teeth
Major & minor salivary glands
Tonsils
Periodontium (supporting structures)
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10
Q

What will an ulcerated oesophagus present?

A

Neutrophils (inflammatory cells) surrounding epithelium

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11
Q

What are von ebner glands?

A

Serous glands
Located in tounge
Secrete amylase

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12
Q

What are the main salivary glands?

A

Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual

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13
Q

What can acinar glands secrete?

A

Serosa (darker)

Mucous (paler)

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14
Q

Where are oesophageal glands proper found?

A

Submucosa of esophagus

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15
Q

What is the organisation of the inner vs outer muscularis layers?

A

Inner: circular
Outer: longitudinal

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16
Q

Why is the mucosa of the stomach folded?

A

To increase SA for production of gastric juices

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17
Q

Where does the stomach extend to and from?

A

From end of esophagus

To beginning of duodenum

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18
Q

Why are there many mucous glands at the beginning of the stomach?

A

To protect neighbouring organs from acid

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19
Q

What covers the lumen of the stomach?

A

Goblet cells

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20
Q

What is dyspepsia?

A

Indigestion

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21
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia
Fundus & body
Antrum
Pylorus

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22
Q

What are rugae?

A

Anatomical folds of internal surface of an empty stomach that flatten when stomach is filled with food

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23
Q

What is the gastric mucosa?

A

Mucous membrane containing glands and gastric pits

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24
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

Circular invaginations of the epithelium of the gastric mucosa

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25
Where are gastric glands of the stomach located?
Lamina propia (loose CT)
26
What are glands of gastric mucosa?
Simple, branched tubular glands in cardia, fundus and pylorus
27
What are the sections of a gland?
Isthmus Neck Base
28
What is the isthmus of a gland?
The connection of the gland to the base of the gastric pit
29
What is the epithelium lining the gastric pits?
Simple columnar
30
Where are mucous neck cells found?
Neck of gland
31
What are 2 characteristics of mucous neck cells?
Short microvilli | Apical mucous granules
32
What and where are parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands found?
Pyramidal cells in upper half of gland
33
What do parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands secrete?
HCl | Gastric intrinsic factor
34
What are the canaliculi of parietal cells of gastric/fundic glands?
Deep invaginations of apical membrane lined by microvilli
35
What and where are chief cells of gastric/fundic glands found?
Pyramidal cells in lower half of glands
36
What do chief cells of gastric/fundic glands secrete?
Pepsinogen Rennin Lipase
37
What are 3 "extra" characteristic of chief cells?
Lots of basal RER Supra-nuclear golgi Zymogen (secretory) granules
38
What are the types of cells found in gastric/fundic glands?
DNSC/Enteroendocrine Regenerative Parietal Chief
39
What are DNSC cells?
Diffuse neuroendocrine system cells
40
What are DNSC's categorised in?
Open category | Closed category
41
What are open category DNSC's?
Have short processes that reach lumen --> chemosensory function
42
What is chemosensory function?
Testing luminal content to release specific substances
43
What are closed category DNSC's?
Do not have processes, therefore have no connection with luminal content
44
Do DNSC's have secretory granules?
Yes!
45
Where are regenerative cells of the gastric/fundic glands found in?
Neck & isthmus
46
What is the function of regenerative cells?
Replace epithelial cells of gastric/fundic glands
47
What are cardiac glands?
Coiled tubular mucus-secreting glands
48
What mainly differentiates cardiac glands from gastric glands?
Cardiac glands do NOT have chief cells
49
Where are cardiac glands found?
ONLY next to cardio-esophageal junction
50
What is the cell population of cardiac glands?
Homogenous population of columnar cells w/ supranuclear cytoplasm
51
What mainly differentiates cardiac glands from pyloric glands?
Pyloric glands have much DEEPER pits than cardiac glands
52
What does the gastric juice contain?
H2O Electrolytes Digestive enzymes
53
What controls the secretion of gastric juices?
Vagus nerve | Hormones
54
What are lymphoid nodules?
Lymphocytes & plasma cells found in lamina propria between gastric glands
55
What is the function of pyloric sphincter muscle?
Extend from the inner layer of muscularis mucosa into the glands so that when they contract, the glands are emptied
56
What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?
Duodenum (proximal) Jejunum (middle) Ileum (distal)
57
What are plicae circulares?
Permanent spiral (circular) folds of mucosa & submucosa that increase SA
58
Where are plicae circulares found?
Distal half of duodenum Entire jejunum Proximal half of ileum
59
What increases more the SA of the small intestine?
Microvilli > vili > plicae circulares
60
What is the function of short tubular intestinal glands/crypts in the small intestine?
Prevent intestinal flora from becoming too concentrated in these glands where damage to stem cells could occur
61
What types of cells are found in the epithelium of the small intestine (NOT the type of epithelium)?
Goblet cells Enterocytes DNES cells
62
What are goblet cells?
Unicellular glands that produce mucinogen
63
Where does mucinogen (released by goblet cells) accumulate and why?
In membrane bound granules which distends the apical region of small intestine
64
How does the Nº of goblet cells change from duodenum to ileum?
Increases
65
What are enterocytes?
Absorptive tall columnar cells
66
What is the function of the microvilli of enterocytes?
Bind to disaccharidases & peptidases to convert polymers into monomers
67
What overlies the microvilli of the enterocytes?
Glycocalyx
68
Why do the DNES cells of epithelium of small intestine have genes for taste receptors?
Taste receptors will communicate with islets of Langerhans to trigger B-cells to release insulin
69
Description of nuclei and granules of DNES cells of epithelium of small intestine?
Spherical nuclei | Basally placed secretory granules
70
What is an example of a DNES cell of the epithelium of the small intestine?
Argentaffin
71
What does Argentaffin secrete?
Serotonin
72
Where does lipid absorption take place?
Duodenum | Upper jejunum
73
What are lacteals?
Lymphatic capillaries
74
How are lipid droplets transported to the lamina propria of the small intestine (for absorption)?
Vesicles filled with small lipid droplets fuse to form large globules that cross extracellular space into lacteals of lamina propria
75
Where are the lamina propria of the small intestine located?
Core of villi | Gaps between crypts (glands) of Lieberkuhn
76
What are crypts of Lieberkuhn?
Simple tubular glands
77
Where do crypts of Lieberkuhn extend to and from?
From intervillous space | To muscularis mucosae of intestine
78
What type of cells are found in the crypts of Lieberkuhn?
``` Goblet DNES Regenerative Paneth Intermediate ```
79
What are and where are the regenerative cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?
Columnar stem cells | Base of crypts of Lieberkuhn
80
What are and where are the paneth cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?
Pyramidal cells | Base of crypts of Lieberkuhn
81
What do paneth cells in the crypts of Lieberkuhn secrete?
Defensins | TNF
82
What is the main function of paneth cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn?
Protect stem cells | Kill protozoa and bacteria
83
Where are the intermediate cells of the crypts of Lieberkuhn found?
Thick section of epithelial lining of crypts
84
What is the arrangement of the muscularis mucosae of small intestine?
Inner circular Outer longitudinal In btw: Auerbach (myenteric) plexus
85
Where are Brunner glands found?
Only in submucosa of duodenum
86
What do Brunner glands secrete?
Alkaline fluid that protects duodenal epithelium from acidic chyme
87
What is the external layer of the small intestine mainly composed of?
Serosa covering jejunum, ileum & part of duodenum
88
What does adventitia cover in the small intestine?
Part of duodenum
89
What does the epithelium of the mucosa of the large intestine contain?
Simple columnar epithelium Goblet Enterocytes DNES
90
Does the mucosa of the large intestine contain villi or specialised folds?
No
91
Do the crypts of Lieberkhin of the mucosa of the large intestine contain panteth cells?
No
92
Does the mucosa of the colon & cecum contain microvilli?
Yes, at apical ends
93
What is the purpose of the dilated intercellular spaces of the mucosa of colon & cecum?
Allow passive water transport & active sodium transport
94
Does the mucosa of the colon & cecum have a muscular layer?
Yes
95
What are the 3 main components of the submucosa of the cecum & colon?
Fibroelastic CT Vessels Meissner (submucosal) plexus
96
What does the muscularis externa of the submuocsa of the cecum & colon contain?
Auerbach (myenteric) plexus
97
What do the outer longitudinal smooth muscles of the muscularis externa of the submucosa of cecum & colon contain?
Taenia coli
98
What is the external layer of the cecum & colon mainly composed of?
Adventitia: ascending & descending parts of colon Serosa: cecum & remaining parts of colon
99
What "serosa" structure is characteristic to transverse & sigmoid colon?
Fat-filled outpocketings of serosa
100
What does the lumen of the large intestine contain?
LOTS of microbes (microbiome)
101
What is the main difference between the rectum & colon?
Rectum contains fewer but deeper crypts of Lieberkuhn
102
What is the organisation of the anal mucosa?
Anal columns join to each other to form anal valves that are separated by anal sinuses
103
What is the type of epithelium found in PROXIMAL anal valves?
Simple cuboidal
104
What is the type of epithelium found in DISTAL anal valves?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised
105
What is the type of epithelium found at the anus?
Stratified squamous keratinised
106
What type of connective tissue is found in the submucosa of the anal canal?
Dense, irregular CT
107
What is the main function of the adventitia in the anus?
Attach anus to surrounding structures
108
What is the internal anal sphincter composed of?
Inner circular layer of muscularis externa of anus
109
What is hematemesis?
Vomiting blood
110
What is ascites?
Enlarged abdomen due to retention of fluid
111
What is jaundice?
High levels of bilirubin --> yellowish skin
112
What is splenomegaly?
Enlarged spleen
113
Why does a cirrhotic liver appear nodulated?
Due to proliferation of irregular, dense CT delimiting nodules
114
What is the only parenchymal cell type in the liver?
Hepatocytes
115
What is Glisson capsule?
Thin capsule of dense CT covering liver
116
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
Right Left Caudate Quadrate
117
What are the main functions of the liver?
Blood filtration | Bile production
118
What is the portal triad of a classic liver lobule?
Polymer that contains extra-hepatic segment of portal vein, hepatic artery, & bile ducts
119
What is the organisation of hepatocytes in a classic liver lobule?
Hepatocytes radiate from central vein towards periphery
120
Where do sinusoid capillaries drain blood to and from?
From portal vein & arterioles | To central vein
121
Where are sinusoid capillaries found in a classic liver lobule?
Surrounding veins & interlaced with hepatocytes
122
What is the flow of the bile like?
Opposite to flow of blood | Directed towards duct (not from it)
123
What is the limiting plate of a classic liver lobule?
Hepatocytes that line up the portal triad
124
What is the space of moll in a classic liver lobule?
Narrow space that separates limiting plate from CT elements of portal area
125
Where does the blood of the liver come from?
Mostly from portal vein (nutrient rich) | Some from hepatic artery (oxygen rich)
126
Where are the portal vein & hepatic artery located in a classic liver lobule?
Periphery | Directed towards central vein
127
Via which structure does blood flow out of the liver?
Hepatic vein
128
What ducts carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder?
Left & right hepatic ducts
129
What is bile canaliculi?
Thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes & drains it into canals of Hering
130
Where are the canals of Hering located in a classic liver lobule?
Periphery
131
What type of cell composes bile ducts?
Cuboidal-shaped cholangiocytes
132
What do cholangiocytes have on their apical surface?
Microvilli & cilia
133
What do bile ducts form when fused?
Hepatic ducts
134
What are cholangiocytes?
Epithelium of bile ducts
135
Where do bile ducts exit the liver?
Porta hepatis (a deep fissure)
136
What is the trajectory of lymph in the liver?
Lymph vessels in portal areas fuse & join thoracic duct returning lymph into vascular system
137
At what level does the lymph return to the vascular system?
At junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins
138
What is the space of Disse?
Sub-endothelial space between hepatocytes & cells lining sinusoids
139
What are the 2 main cell types present in the Space of Disse?
Kupffer cells | Ito cells
140
What is the function of Kupffer cells?
Phagocytosis
141
What is the function of ITO cells?
Vit A storage | Exchange of material btw. bloodstream & hepatocytes
142
What common features are present in the Space of Disse?
Short microvilli Reticular fibers Non-myelinated nerve fibers
143
Description of hepatocytes
3D polygons Central nucleus 5 month lifespan
144
How are hepatocytes arranged?
Radially in interconnected plates around central vein
145
What surface do microvilli "cover" on hepatocytes?
Surface of hepatocytes that are facing the Space of Disse
146
What structure do hepatocytes often delineate?
Bile canaliculi
147
What are important hepatic functions carried out by hepatocytes (6)
- Exocrine secretion - Endocrine secretion - Metabolite storage - Glyconeogenesis - Detoxification - IgA transfer
148
What type of organ is the pancreas classified as?
Endocrine-exocrine organ
149
What are the main types of cells found in the exocrine pancreas?
Pancreatic acinar cells
150
What are acini?
Clusters of secretory cells arranged around a small lumen
151
Characteristics of pancreatic acinar cells
Pyramidal serous cells Abundant RER Extensive golgi
152
What "extra" features do pancreatic acinar cells contain?
Zymogen granules | Basal plasmalemma
153
What are and where are zymogen granules found?
Secretory granules | Apical region of pancreatic acinar cells
154
What is the importance of the basal plasmalemma?
Has receptors for cholecystokinin & Ach
155
What is the organisation of pancreatic ducts?
Intercalated --> interlobular --> main
156
Where are centroacinar cells found?
Initial portion of intercalated ducts
157
What is the ampulla of Vater?
Fusion of main pancreatic duct with common bile
158
What does the exocrine pancreas release?
Enzyme-poor alkaline fluid | Digestive enzymes
159
What is the importance of enzyme-poor alkaline fluid?
Neutralizes the acidic chyme as it enters duodenum
160
Where are digestive enzymes produced and stored?
Pancreatic acinar cells
161
What SPECIAL inhibitor do pancreatic acinar cells produce and why?
Tripsin inhibitor | Trypsinogen cannot be converted to tripsin within cytosol
162
What is the main cell type found in the endocrine pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
163
What are Islets of Langerhans?
Vascularised endocrine cells clustered and surrounded by network of reticular fibers
164
How many types of polypeptidic hormone can an Islet of Langerhan produce?
One
165
What are the hormones produced by the Islet of Langerhans?
``` Glucagon Insulin Somatostatin Vasoactive intestinal peptide Gastrin Pancreatic polypeptide Ghrelin ```
166
What type of cell secretes glucagon?
A cells
167
What type of cell secretes insulin?
B cells
168
What type of cell secretes somatostatin?
Delta cell
169
What type of cell secretes vasoactive intestinal peptide?
Delta 1 cell
170
What type of cell secretes gastrin?
G cells
171
What type of cell secretes pancreatic polypeptide?
PP cells
172
What type of cell secretes Ghrelin?
Epsilon
173
What is the function of somatostatin?
Inhibit production of HCl Release pancreatic enzymes Reduce motility of GI tract
174
What is the function of vasoactive intestinal peptide?
Induces glycogenolysis in liver
175
What is the function of gastrin?
Stimulates HCl secretion
176
What is the function of pancreatic polypeptide?
Inhibits release of exocrine pancreatic secretions & bile
177
What is the function of ghrelin?
Stimulates feeling of hunger

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