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soi2 > DEVELOPMENT & ANATOMY REPRODUCTIVE > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT & ANATOMY REPRODUCTIVE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the reproductive system comprised of?

A

Gonads
Genital ducts
External genitalia

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2
Q

What are the common embryonic precursors?

A

Undifferentiated gonads

2 pairs of embryonic ducts

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3
Q

When is the genetic/chromosomal sex determined?

A

Fertilization

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4
Q

What does the gonad originate from?

A

Genital ridge (thickening of intermediate mesoderm)

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5
Q

When do primordial germ cells:

1) migrate towards the gonad?
2) enter gonad?

A

1) 4-5th weeks

2) 6th week

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6
Q

Where do primordial germ cells incorporate into?

A

Primitive sex cords

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7
Q

What happens if primordial germ cells fail to reach the genital ridge?

A

Gonads do not develop

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8
Q

What triggers the testis differentiation?

A

SRY gene

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9
Q

What “inhibits” testis differentiation and triggers ovarian development?

A

DAX-1 gene

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10
Q

What gene does SRY expression trigger?

A

SOX9

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11
Q

How do primordial follicles arise?

A

Follicular cells form clusters with primordial germ cells

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12
Q

What are the epithelial cells of the undifferentiated gonads (male and female)?

A

Male: sertoli
Female: follicular/granulosa

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13
Q

What are the stromal cells of the undifferentiated gonads (male and female)?

A

Male: leydig
Female: thecal

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14
Q

What are the 2 exclusive conditions for embryo development into a male?

A

Y chromosome presence

SRY region presence

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15
Q

What occurs to the primitive sex cords in the primitive testis (for differentiation of testes)?

A

Proliferation

Detach from epithelium

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16
Q

What occurs to the testis cords in the primitive testis (for differentiation of testes)?

A

Testis cords fuse to form rete testis (network of tubules)

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17
Q

What occurs to the primitive cords in the primitive ovary (for differentiation of ovaries)?

A

Penetrate towards medulla

Degenerate

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18
Q

What fibrous capsule forms to surround the primitive sex cords in the primitive testis?

A

Tunica albuginea

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19
Q

What occurs to the surface epithelium in the primitive ovary (for differentiation of ovaries)?

A

Continues proliferating & remains in cortex

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20
Q

What is another name for mesonephric duct?

A

Wolffian duct

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21
Q

What is another name for paramesonephric duct?

A

Mullerian duct

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22
Q

What structures does testosterone act on?

A

Mesonephros

Mesonephric duct

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23
Q

What do the mesonephric and the paramesonephric duct open towards?

A

Urogenital sinus

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24
Q

What is the effect of fetal testicular testosterone on mesonephric tubules?

A

Persistence of mesonephric tubules as efferent ductules of rete testis

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25
Q

What is the effect of fetal testicular testosterone on mesonephric duct?

A

Persistence of mesonephric duct

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26
Q

What does the mesonephric duct differentiate into?

A

Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct

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27
Q

What releases mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF)?

A

Sertoli cells

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28
Q

What is the effect of the antimullerian hormone (AMH)?

A

Induce atrophy of paramesonephric duct

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29
Q

What is the utriculus prostaticus?

A

Remnant of paramesonephric duct in males (tiny uterus)

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30
Q

How is the uterus formed?

A

Via the caudal fusion of 2 paramesonephric ducts

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31
Q

How are the uterine tubes (fallopian) formed?

A

Via the cranial differentiation of the 2 paramesonephric ducts

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32
Q

What is the vaginal plate formed of?

A

Urogenital sinus

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33
Q

What induces the differentiation of the vaginal plate?

A

Paramesonephric ducts

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34
Q

What drives the “masculinisation” of external genitalia?

A

Dihydrotestosterone

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35
Q

What does the absence of dihydrotestosterone trigger?

A

Genital tubercule does not enlarge

Urethral folds do not fuse

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36
Q

What are hypospadias?

A

Congenital defect in external genitalia

Urethral opening below penis tip

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37
Q

What are epispadias?

A

Congenital defect in external genitalia

Urethral opening above penis tip

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38
Q

What are the phases of testicular descent?

A 
Transabadominal phase (INSL-3 control)
Transinguinal phase (testosterone control)
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39
Q

What is the function of the gubernaculum testis?

A

Fetal ligament that guides descent of testes into scrotum

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40
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

Undescended (hidden) testes

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41
Q

What is ectopic testes?

A

Abnormal location of testis

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42
Q

What is Turner’s syndrome?

A 
45 chromosomes (X0)
No gonad
Streak ovaries --> infertility
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43
Q

What is Swyer syndrome?

A

46 chromosomes
No gonads –> infertility
Genetically male but phenotypically female

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44
Q

What is the most common cause of Swyer syndrome?

A

Mutation in SRY gene

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45
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity contained?

A

Lesser pelvis

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46
Q

What forms the linea terminalis?

A

Pubic crest
Pecten pubis
Arcuate line

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47
Q

What is the orientation of the pelvic cavity?

A

Posteroinferior orientation

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48
Q

What is the bony frame of the pelvic cavity outlined by?

A

Pelvic inlet

Pelvic outlet

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49
Q

What are the ligaments closing the pelvic cavity?

A

Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Obturator membrane

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50
Q

What are the muscles closing the pelvic cavity?

A

Piriformis

Obturator internus

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51
Q

What is the superior boundary of the pelvic cavity?

A

Parietal peritoneum

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52
Q

What is the floor of the pelvic cavity?

A

Pelvic diaphgram

53
Q

What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphgram?

A

Coccygeous

Levator ani

54
Q

What muscles comprise the levator ani?

A

Iliococcygeous
Pubococcygeous
Puborectalis

55
Q

What is the perineum?

A

Space inferior to pelvic floor

56
Q

What are the anterior contents of the perineum?

A

Urogenital diaphragm and external genitalia

57
Q

What are the posterior contents of the perineum?

A

Anal canal and external sphincter muscle

58
Q

What are the limits of the perineum?

A

Superior: urogenital triangle
Inferior: anal triangle

59
Q

Where are testes formed?

A

Abdominal cavity

60
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A

Double layer of peritoneum that surrounds the testis

61
Q

What is hydrocele?

A

Partial obliteration of tunica vaginalis

62
Q

What is inguinal hernia?

A

Total obliteration of tunica vaginalis

63
Q

What do the spermatic ducts derive from and where do they end?

A

Derive from mesonephric duct

End in urethra

64
Q

What are the spermatic ducts?

A

Epidydimis
Vas deferns
Ejaculatory duct

65
Q

What supplies the testes and spermatic ducts?

A

Gonadal (testicular) arteries

66
Q

What is the relationship between the vas deferens and the ureter?

A

Vas deferens is superior and medial to ureter

67
Q

What supplies the vas deferens?

A

Inferior epigastric arteries

68
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Structures accompanying testes & coverings

69
Q

What is the most notable structure that accompanies the testes?

A

Pampiniform plexus

70
Q

What is varicocele?

A

Varicosity of pampiniform plexus

71
Q

In which testes is varicocele most common?

A

Left testicle

72
Q

What innervates the testes?

A

SNS (T10-T11) - vasomotor function

73
Q

What are the 3 types of accessory glands?

A

Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

74
Q

What is the origin of the seminal vesicle?

A

Mesonephric duct

75
Q

What is the origin of the prostate gland and of the bulbourethral glands?

A

Endoderm of urethra

76
Q

What is the most common location of prostate carcinoma?

A

Peripheral zone

77
Q

What are the clinicohistological divisions of the prostate gland?

A

Peripheral zone
Central zone
Transitional zone
Anterior region (nonglandular)

78
Q

What are the relationships of the prostate gland?

A

Anterior - external urethral sphincter

Posterior - rectovesical septum

79
Q

From what artery does the superior vesical artery extend from?

A

Umbilical artery (posteriorly)

80
Q

What is the blood supply of the vas deferens, prostate gland & seminal vesicle?

A

Ductus deferens
Umbilical artery
Inferior vesicle artery

81
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the vas deferens, prostate gland & seminal vesicle?

A

Lateral aortic lymph nodes
Internal iliac
Sacral

82
Q

What is the urachus postnatally?

A

Median umbilical ligament

83
Q

What is the origin of the urinary bladder?

A

Endoderm of urogenital sinus

84
Q

What are the congenital malformations of the urachus?

A

Urachal fistula
Urachal cyst
Urachal sinus

85
Q

What attaches the bladder to the pubic bones?

A

Pubovesical ligament

86
Q

What is inguinoscrotal bladder hernia?

A

Bladder is found in inguinoscrotal hernia sac

Urine may pass from bladder to scrotum

87
Q

What are the subdivisions of the male urethra?

A

Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Penile/spongy

88
Q

What surrounds the preprostatic urethra?

A

Internal urethral sphincter muscle

89
Q

What is the purpose of the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Closes neck of bladder to prevent urine & seminal fluid loss

90
Q

Where is the external urethral sphincter found?

A

Membranous part of the urogenital diaphgram

91
Q

What is the blood supply to and from the urinary bladder & urethra?

A

Superior vesical artery & vein

Inferior vesical artery & vein

92
Q

What innervates the pelvic viscera?

A

P.S.N.S and S.N.S - inferior hypogastric plexus

93
Q

What innervates the detrusor muscle?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

94
Q

What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch (aka urogenital diaphragm)?

A

External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Bulbourethral glands

95
Q

Which nerve stimulates the closure of the internal urethral sphincter?

A

Sacral splanchnic

96
Q

What innervates the muscles of the deep perineal pouch (aka urogenital diaphgram)?

A

Pudendal nerve

97
Q

What is the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Space below perineal membrane

98
Q

What does the superficial perineal pouch contain?

A

External genitalia & associated skeletal muscles

99
Q

What are the muscles contained in the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Ischiocavernous muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle

100
Q

What is the difference between the prepuce and frenulum?

A

Prepuce is the skin

Frenulum is the elastic surrounding the penis

101
Q

What is erection?

A

Vascular mechanism stimulated by P.S.N.S

102
Q

What are the superficial fascia of the penis and scrotum continuous with?

A

Superficial perineal fascia

Scarpa fascia

103
Q

What irrigates the erectile tissues?

A

Branches of the internal pudendal artery

104
Q

What is the anterior scrotum irrigated by?

A

External pudendal artery/vein

105
Q

What innervates the erectile tissues?

A

Pudendal nerve

106
Q

What innervates the anterior scrotum?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

Genitofemoral nerve

107
Q

What is the visceral innervation of the penis?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Cavernosus nerves

108
Q

Is erection controlled by SNS or PSNS and why?

A

PSNS
Vascular action
Involuntary

109
Q

Is ejection controlled by SNS or PSNS?

A

SNS

Vountary

110
Q

What embryological structure do the ovaries correspond to?

A

Genital ridge (partly mesonephros)

111
Q

What innervates the ovary?

A

SNS - T10-T11 via splanchnic nerve

PSNS - vagus

112
Q

What does the craneal portion of the paramesonephric duct differentiate into?

A

Uterine tubes

113
Q

What occurs with the caudal portions of the paramesonephric duct?

A

Fuse to form uterus

114
Q

What is the most common cause of uterine anomalies?

A

Incomplete fusion of distal paramesonephric ducts

115
Q

What are the 2 peritoneal pouches (female)?

A

Rectouterine

Vesicouterine

116
Q

What are the walls of the uterine tubes like?

A

Very thin to facilitate transport of sperm and zygote

117
Q

What attaches the ovary and viscera to the uterine walls?

A

Broad ligament of uterus

118
Q

What is the broad ligament of uterus initially?

A

Peritoneum

119
Q

What are the divisions of the broad ligament of the uterus?

A

Mesosalpinx

Mesovarium

120
Q

What is the version angle?

A

Angle between vagina and uterus
90º
Anteversion

121
Q

What is the flexion angle?

A

Angle between isthmus and body of uterus
120º
Anteflexion

122
Q

What are uterine leiomyomas?

A

Benign tumors of SM

123
Q

What irrigates the uterus?

A

Internal iliac artery
Uterine artery
Ovarian artery

124
Q

What innervates the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina?

A

Inferior hypogastric plexus

125
Q

What is the endopelvic fascia composed of?

A

Transverse cervical ligament

Uterosacral ligament

126
Q

What muscles are found within the deep perineal pouch (women)?

A

Compressor urethrae
External urethral sphincter
Sphincter urethrovaginalis

127
Q

What irrigates the external genitalia of females?

A

Branches of pudendal artery
Perineal artery of clitoris
Posterior labial artery of clitoris
Dorsal arteries of clitoris

128
Q

What innervates the external genitalia (female)?

A

Posterior labial nerves - branches of pudendal nerve

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