DEVELOPMENT & ANATOMY REPRODUCTIVE Flashcards
1
Q
What is the reproductive system comprised of?
A
Gonads
Genital ducts
External genitalia
2
Q
What are the common embryonic precursors?
A
Undifferentiated gonads
2 pairs of embryonic ducts
3
Q
When is the genetic/chromosomal sex determined?
A
Fertilization
4
Q
What does the gonad originate from?
A
Genital ridge (thickening of intermediate mesoderm)
5
Q
When do primordial germ cells:
1) migrate towards the gonad?
2) enter gonad?
A
1) 4-5th weeks
2) 6th week
6
Q
Where do primordial germ cells incorporate into?
A
Primitive sex cords
7
Q
What happens if primordial germ cells fail to reach the genital ridge?
A
Gonads do not develop
8
Q
What triggers the testis differentiation?
A
SRY gene
9
Q
What “inhibits” testis differentiation and triggers ovarian development?
A
DAX-1 gene
10
Q
What gene does SRY expression trigger?
A
SOX9
11
Q
How do primordial follicles arise?
A
Follicular cells form clusters with primordial germ cells
12
Q
What are the epithelial cells of the undifferentiated gonads (male and female)?
A
Male: sertoli
Female: follicular/granulosa
13
Q
What are the stromal cells of the undifferentiated gonads (male and female)?
A
Male: leydig
Female: thecal
14
Q
What are the 2 exclusive conditions for embryo development into a male?
A
Y chromosome presence
SRY region presence
15
Q
What occurs to the primitive sex cords in the primitive testis (for differentiation of testes)?
A
Proliferation
Detach from epithelium
16
Q
What occurs to the testis cords in the primitive testis (for differentiation of testes)?
A
Testis cords fuse to form rete testis (network of tubules)
17
Q
What occurs to the primitive cords in the primitive ovary (for differentiation of ovaries)?
A
Penetrate towards medulla
Degenerate
18
Q
What fibrous capsule forms to surround the primitive sex cords in the primitive testis?
A
Tunica albuginea
19
Q
What occurs to the surface epithelium in the primitive ovary (for differentiation of ovaries)?
A
Continues proliferating & remains in cortex
20
Q
What is another name for mesonephric duct?
A
Wolffian duct
21
Q
What is another name for paramesonephric duct?
A
Mullerian duct
22
Q
What structures does testosterone act on?
A
Mesonephros
Mesonephric duct
23
Q
What do the mesonephric and the paramesonephric duct open towards?
A
Urogenital sinus
24
Q
What is the effect of fetal testicular testosterone on mesonephric tubules?
A
Persistence of mesonephric tubules as efferent ductules of rete testis
25
What is the effect of fetal testicular testosterone on mesonephric duct?
Persistence of mesonephric duct
26
What does the mesonephric duct differentiate into?
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
27
What releases mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF)?
Sertoli cells
28
What is the effect of the antimullerian hormone (AMH)?
Induce atrophy of paramesonephric duct
29
What is the utriculus prostaticus?
Remnant of paramesonephric duct in males (tiny uterus)
30
How is the uterus formed?
Via the caudal fusion of 2 paramesonephric ducts
31
How are the uterine tubes (fallopian) formed?
Via the cranial differentiation of the 2 paramesonephric ducts
32
What is the vaginal plate formed of?
Urogenital sinus
33
What induces the differentiation of the vaginal plate?
Paramesonephric ducts
34
What drives the "masculinisation" of external genitalia?
Dihydrotestosterone
35
What does the absence of dihydrotestosterone trigger?
Genital tubercule does not enlarge
| Urethral folds do not fuse
36
What are hypospadias?
Congenital defect in external genitalia
| Urethral opening below penis tip
37
What are epispadias?
Congenital defect in external genitalia
| Urethral opening above penis tip
38
What are the phases of testicular descent?
```
Transabadominal phase (INSL-3 control)
Transinguinal phase (testosterone control)
```
39
What is the function of the gubernaculum testis?
Fetal ligament that guides descent of testes into scrotum
40
What is cryptorchidism?
Undescended (hidden) testes
41
What is ectopic testes?
Abnormal location of testis
42
What is Turner's syndrome?
```
45 chromosomes (X0)
No gonad
Streak ovaries --> infertility
```
43
What is Swyer syndrome?
46 chromosomes
No gonads --> infertility
Genetically male but phenotypically female
44
What is the most common cause of Swyer syndrome?
Mutation in SRY gene
45
Where is the pelvic cavity contained?
Lesser pelvis
46
What forms the linea terminalis?
Pubic crest
Pecten pubis
Arcuate line
47
What is the orientation of the pelvic cavity?
Posteroinferior orientation
48
What is the bony frame of the pelvic cavity outlined by?
Pelvic inlet
| Pelvic outlet
49
What are the ligaments closing the pelvic cavity?
Sacrospinous
Sacrotuberous
Obturator membrane
50
What are the muscles closing the pelvic cavity?
Piriformis
| Obturator internus
51
What is the superior boundary of the pelvic cavity?
Parietal peritoneum
52
What is the floor of the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic diaphgram
53
What are the muscles of the pelvic diaphgram?
Coccygeous
| Levator ani
54
What muscles comprise the levator ani?
Iliococcygeous
Pubococcygeous
Puborectalis
55
What is the perineum?
Space inferior to pelvic floor
56
What are the anterior contents of the perineum?
Urogenital diaphragm and external genitalia
57
What are the posterior contents of the perineum?
Anal canal and external sphincter muscle
58
What are the limits of the perineum?
Superior: urogenital triangle
Inferior: anal triangle
59
Where are testes formed?
Abdominal cavity
60
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Double layer of peritoneum that surrounds the testis
61
What is hydrocele?
Partial obliteration of tunica vaginalis
62
What is inguinal hernia?
Total obliteration of tunica vaginalis
63
What do the spermatic ducts derive from and where do they end?
Derive from mesonephric duct
| End in urethra
64
What are the spermatic ducts?
Epidydimis
Vas deferns
Ejaculatory duct
65
What supplies the testes and spermatic ducts?
Gonadal (testicular) arteries
66
What is the relationship between the vas deferens and the ureter?
Vas deferens is superior and medial to ureter
67
What supplies the vas deferens?
Inferior epigastric arteries
68
What is the spermatic cord?
Structures accompanying testes & coverings
69
What is the most notable structure that accompanies the testes?
Pampiniform plexus
70
What is varicocele?
Varicosity of pampiniform plexus
71
In which testes is varicocele most common?
Left testicle
72
What innervates the testes?
SNS (T10-T11) - vasomotor function
73
What are the 3 types of accessory glands?
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
74
What is the origin of the seminal vesicle?
Mesonephric duct
75
What is the origin of the prostate gland and of the bulbourethral glands?
Endoderm of urethra
76
What is the most common location of prostate carcinoma?
Peripheral zone
77
What are the clinicohistological divisions of the prostate gland?
Peripheral zone
Central zone
Transitional zone
Anterior region (nonglandular)
78
What are the relationships of the prostate gland?
Anterior - external urethral sphincter
| Posterior - rectovesical septum
79
From what artery does the superior vesical artery extend from?
Umbilical artery (posteriorly)
80
What is the blood supply of the vas deferens, prostate gland & seminal vesicle?
Ductus deferens
Umbilical artery
Inferior vesicle artery
81
What is the lymphatic drainage of the vas deferens, prostate gland & seminal vesicle?
Lateral aortic lymph nodes
Internal iliac
Sacral
82
What is the urachus postnatally?
Median umbilical ligament
83
What is the origin of the urinary bladder?
Endoderm of urogenital sinus
84
What are the congenital malformations of the urachus?
Urachal fistula
Urachal cyst
Urachal sinus
85
What attaches the bladder to the pubic bones?
Pubovesical ligament
86
What is inguinoscrotal bladder hernia?
Bladder is found in inguinoscrotal hernia sac
| Urine may pass from bladder to scrotum
87
What are the subdivisions of the male urethra?
Preprostatic
Prostatic
Membranous
Penile/spongy
88
What surrounds the preprostatic urethra?
Internal urethral sphincter muscle
89
What is the purpose of the internal urethral sphincter?
Closes neck of bladder to prevent urine & seminal fluid loss
90
Where is the external urethral sphincter found?
Membranous part of the urogenital diaphgram
91
What is the blood supply to and from the urinary bladder & urethra?
Superior vesical artery & vein
| Inferior vesical artery & vein
92
What innervates the pelvic viscera?
P.S.N.S and S.N.S - inferior hypogastric plexus
93
What innervates the detrusor muscle?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
94
What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch (aka urogenital diaphragm)?
External urethral sphincter
Deep transverse perineal muscle
Bulbourethral glands
95
Which nerve stimulates the closure of the internal urethral sphincter?
Sacral splanchnic
96
What innervates the muscles of the deep perineal pouch (aka urogenital diaphgram)?
Pudendal nerve
97
What is the superficial perineal pouch?
Space below perineal membrane
98
What does the superficial perineal pouch contain?
External genitalia & associated skeletal muscles
99
What are the muscles contained in the superficial perineal pouch?
Ischiocavernous muscle
Bulbospongiosus muscle
Superficial transverse perineal muscle
100
What is the difference between the prepuce and frenulum?
Prepuce is the skin
| Frenulum is the elastic surrounding the penis
101
What is erection?
Vascular mechanism stimulated by P.S.N.S
102
What are the superficial fascia of the penis and scrotum continuous with?
Superficial perineal fascia
| Scarpa fascia
103
What irrigates the erectile tissues?
Branches of the internal pudendal artery
104
What is the anterior scrotum irrigated by?
External pudendal artery/vein
105
What innervates the erectile tissues?
Pudendal nerve
106
What innervates the anterior scrotum?
Ilioinguinal nerve
| Genitofemoral nerve
107
What is the visceral innervation of the penis?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
| Cavernosus nerves
108
Is erection controlled by SNS or PSNS and why?
PSNS
Vascular action
Involuntary
109
Is ejection controlled by SNS or PSNS?
SNS
| Vountary
110
What embryological structure do the ovaries correspond to?
Genital ridge (partly mesonephros)
111
What innervates the ovary?
SNS - T10-T11 via splanchnic nerve
| PSNS - vagus
112
What does the craneal portion of the paramesonephric duct differentiate into?
Uterine tubes
113
What occurs with the caudal portions of the paramesonephric duct?
Fuse to form uterus
114
What is the most common cause of uterine anomalies?
Incomplete fusion of distal paramesonephric ducts
115
What are the 2 peritoneal pouches (female)?
Rectouterine
| Vesicouterine
116
What are the walls of the uterine tubes like?
Very thin to facilitate transport of sperm and zygote
117
What attaches the ovary and viscera to the uterine walls?
Broad ligament of uterus
118
What is the broad ligament of uterus initially?
Peritoneum
119
What are the divisions of the broad ligament of the uterus?
Mesosalpinx
| Mesovarium
120
What is the version angle?
Angle between vagina and uterus
90º
Anteversion
121
What is the flexion angle?
Angle between isthmus and body of uterus
120º
Anteflexion
122
What are uterine leiomyomas?
Benign tumors of SM
123
What irrigates the uterus?
Internal iliac artery
Uterine artery
Ovarian artery
124
What innervates the uterus, uterine tubes and vagina?
Inferior hypogastric plexus
125
What is the endopelvic fascia composed of?
Transverse cervical ligament
| Uterosacral ligament
126
What muscles are found within the deep perineal pouch (women)?
Compressor urethrae
External urethral sphincter
Sphincter urethrovaginalis
127
What irrigates the external genitalia of females?
Branches of pudendal artery
Perineal artery of clitoris
Posterior labial artery of clitoris
Dorsal arteries of clitoris
128
What innervates the external genitalia (female)?
Posterior labial nerves - branches of pudendal nerve
