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Histology > Histology - Cytoplasm > Flashcards

Histology - Cytoplasm Flashcards

0
Q

Passive transport

A

Along an electrochemical concentration gradient

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1
Q

Ouabain

A

Inhibits the Na+-K+ pump

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2
Q

Active transport

A

Against a gradiant

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3
Q

Uniport transport

A

A single molecule moving in one direction

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4
Q

Coupled transport

A

Two different molecules moving in the same (symport) or opposite (antiport) direction

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5
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Occure when the signaling molecule is released into the intercellular enviroment and affects cell in ints intermediate vicinity

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6
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Is when the signaling cell is also the target cell = paracrine signaling

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7
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

The signaling molecule enters the blood stream to be ferried to target cells situated at a distance from the signaling cell

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8
Q

E.g on a hydrophobic hormone

A

Steroid hormones

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9
Q

E.g on a nonpolar molecule

A

Nitric oxide

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10
Q

E.g on a hydrophoilic hormone

A

Acetylcholine

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11
Q

ATP and cAMP are examples on…

A

the most common second messengers

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12
Q

Where is the small and the large subunit manufactured or assembled?

A

In the nucleolus

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13
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum

A

Specialized SER in cells

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14
Q

What binds to the cytosolic surface of the RER?

A

Ribosomes

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15
Q

Polyribosomes:

A

A cluster of ribosomes that is connected by a strand of mRNA and is active in protein synthesis

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16
Q

AUG codes for…

A

methionin

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17
Q

Start codon

A

AUG

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18
Q

Which subunit does the peptidyl transferase belong to?

A

Peptidyl transferase bleongs to the large subunit

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19
Q

Peptidyl transferase function:

A

Transfere the amino acid from the tRNA on the P-site to the tRNA on the A-site

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20
Q

Stop codons?nonsense codon

A
  • UAG
  • UGA
  • UAA
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21
Q

The release factor?stop codon bins to which site?

A

A-site

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22
Q

Where does the mannose phosphorylation occure?

A

Mannose phosphorylation occurs within the cis-face cisterna

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23
Q

Phagosome

A

Is the vesiclee used in phagocytosis

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24
Q

Dynamin

A
  • A GTPase

- Molecule used to release pinocytotic vesicle.

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25
Q

Endosomal compartment=

A

Early endosome + late endosome

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26
Q

What is th pH of the early endosome?

A

pH = 6.0

27
Q

What is th pH of the late endosome?

A

pH = 5.5

28
Q

Different types of acid hydrolase

A
  • Sulfatases
  • Proteases
  • Nucleases
  • Lipases
  • Glycosidases
29
Q

Where can we find acid hydrolases?

A

Lysosomes

30
Q

Lysosomes contains

A

hydrolytic enzymes

31
Q

What happens with uncoated vesicles?

A

They fuse with late endosome

32
Q

Residual body=

A

Lipids enclosed within the spent lysosome

33
Q

Perixosomes

A
  • Microbodies
  • Contains enzymes like:
    > Urate oxidase
    > Catalase
    > D-amino acid
34
Q

Where are the proteins destined for perixosomes manufactured?

A

NOT in the RER, BUT in the cytosol

35
Q

Does the perixosome posses its own genetic material?

A

No

36
Q

Which phospholipid cna be found in the inner membrane?

A

Cardiolipin

37
Q

Cardiolipin

A

Possesses 4 fatty acid chains

38
Q

Contact sites

A

Where the outer and the inner mitochondrial membranes contact each other

39
Q

Inner membrane have a lollipop-like subunit called…

A

ATP synthase

40
Q

ATP synthase function

A

Responsible for the generation of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

41
Q

Where is the respiratory chain present?

A

In the inner membrane of mitochondria

42
Q

The resporatory chain is composed of 3 respiratory enzyme complexes:

A
  1. NADH dehydrogenase complex
  2. Cytochrome b-c1 complex
  3. Cytochrome oxidase complex

These complexes form the electron transport chain

43
Q

Where can we find lipids?

A
  • In specialized cells like e.g. adipocytes

- Hepatocytes

44
Q

Glycogen is storage form of….

A

Glucose

45
Q

Lipids are the storage form of….

A

Triglycerides

46
Q

Melanin are manufactured by….

A

Melanocytes of the skin and hair, pigment cells of the retina, and specialized nerve cells in the substantioa nigra of the brain.

47
Q

Lipofuscin are

A
  • Membrane-bound

- Formed from fusion of several residual bodies.

48
Q

Inclusions:

A
  • Glycogen
  • Lipids
  • Lipofuscin
  • Melanin
  • Crystals
49
Q

Crystals

A
  • Inclusion
  • Location:
    > Sertoli cells (crystals of Charcot-Bottcher)
    > Interstitial cells (crystals of Reinke) of the testes
    > Macrophages
50
Q

Cytoskeleton’s major components:

A
  • Thin filaments (microfilaments)
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
51
Q

Thin filaments

A

Composed of 2 globular subunits (G-actin) coiled around each other to for F-actin

52
Q

Profilin and thymosin

A

Prevent the polymerization of the G-actin

53
Q

What is the fastes growing end of the thin filament?

A

Faster-growing plus end and a slower-growing minus end

54
Q

What attaches to the plus end of the thin filament?

A

Capping protein

55
Q

Centrosome

A

Houses:
> Centroles
> “gamma”-tubulin ring complex

56
Q

MTOC of the cell is called

A

Centrosome

57
Q

Microtubule consists of…….

A

13 parallel protofilaments composed of heterodimers of the globular polypeptide “alpha”- and “gamma”-tubulin subunits.

58
Q

Where is MAPs bound?

A

To the periphery to the microtubule

59
Q

MAPs

A

Have dynein and kinesin

60
Q

Does the procentriole posses microtubules?

A

No

61
Q

What is the centrioles responsible for during the mitotic activity?

A

They are responsible for the formation of spindle appartus

62
Q

Centrioles are the basal bodies that guide the formation of….

A

Cilia and flagella

63
Q

Protoplasm

A

The living substance of the cell

64
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Extends from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope

65
Q

Karyoplasm

A

The substance forming the contents of the nucleus

Histology (14 decks)

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