Histology - Blood And Hemopoiesis Flashcards
Tertiary granules
- Gelatinase
- Cathepsins
Azurophilic granules
- Acid hydrolase
- Myeloperoxidase
- The antibacterial agent lysozyme
- Bactericidal permeability-increasing (BPI) protein
- Cathepsin G
- Elastase
- Nonspecific collagenase
What induce the endotelial cells to express “intercellular adhesion molecule type 1”?
- Interleukin-1
- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
Leukotrienes
- Is synthesized by neutrophils
- Assist in the innitiation of the inflammatory process
- Activate leukocytes, causing them to migrate to the site of antigenic challenge
Gelatinase
Degrades the basal lamina, facilitating neutrophil migration.
Azurophilic granules content
Is released to ECM and cause tissue damage
Catalase and glutathione peroxidase
Limit the tissue injury caused by the azurophilic granules by degrading hydrogen peroxide
Pus
Accumulation of dead leukocytes, bacteria, and extracellular fluid.
Internum (electron-dense center)
- Major basic protein
- Eosinophilic cationic protein
- Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
Hydrolytic enzymes
Function in both the destruction of parasitic worms and in the hydrolysis of antigen-antibody complexes internalized by eosinophil
Results in the migration of eosinophils to site of allergic reaction, inflammatory reaction, or parasitic worm invation
Histamine, leukotrienes, and eosinophil chemotactic factor (released by mast cells, basophils and neutrohpils)
Inactivate the pharmological initiators of the inflammatory response
- Histamine
- Leukotriene C
Chemotactic factors
- Thromboxane A2
- Superoxide
- Bradykinin
- TNF factor “alpha”
- Prostglandin D2
- Leukotrienes B4
- Leukotrienes C4
- Leukotrienes D4
- Leukotrienes E4
- Adenosine
- IL 4
- IL 5
- IL 6
- Platelet activating factor
- Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
T cells responsible for the initiation and development of most of humorally and cellulary mediated immune responses
T helper cells
T cells responsible for the suppression of most of humorally and cellulary mediated immune responses
Regulatory T cells/T supressor cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs; T killer cells)
Make physical contact with and kill foreign of virally altered cells
Hyalomere
Peripheral clear region of the platelet
Granulomere
Central darker region of the platelet
Two tubular systems in hyalomere
- Surface opening (connecting) tubular system
- Dense tubular system
Granulomere
Contain:
- Mitochondria
- Glycogen deposits
- Perixosomes
- 3 types of granules:
- “Alpha”-granules
- “Delta”-granules
- “Lambda”-granules
What does the enzymes in the granulomere permit the platelet to do?
The granulomere also houses enzymes that permits platelets to catbolize glycogen, consume oxygen, and generate ATP
What is the microtubules function in the platelet?
The microtubules assist the platelets in maintaining their diskoid morphology. The microtubules are associated with aktin and myosin monomers.
Platelet adhesion
The activated platelet adhere to the damaged region of vessle walls
Platelet aggregation
The activated platelets adhere to each other
What inhibit platelet aggregation?
Prostacyclins and NO
These are produced by the endothelium
Injured endothelial cells release:
- von Willebrand factor
- Tissue thromboplastin
- Endothelin
Endothelin
A powerful vasoconstrictor that reduces the loss of blood,
It is produced by injured endothelial cells.
What makes the platelets “sticky” causing circulating platelets to adhere to the collagen-bound platelets and to degranulate?
- Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
- Thrombospondin
Thromboxane A2
A potent vasoconstrictor and platelet activator.
Convertet from arachidonic acid.
Thrombin
Facilitate platelet aggragation.
Coverted from prothrombin
Coagulation factors:
Tissue thromboplastin and platelet thromboplastin both act on circulating prothrombin, coverting it to thombin
Thrombin and the presence of calcium:
Convert fibrinogen to fibrin
Bloot clot (thrombus)
The fibrin form a reticulum clot, entangling additional platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes into s stable, gelationous blood clot (thrombus)
Actin and myosin monomers
Form thin and thick filaments, which interact by utelizing ATP as their energy source.
Clot contract about half of its previous size, pulling the cut edges of the damaged vessles closer together and minimizing blood loss.
Plasminogen activators
Convert circulating plasminogen to plasmin
Plasmin
The enzyme that initiates lysis of the thrombus. The hydrolytic enzymes of the “lamda”-granules assist in this process
Nutrient foramina
Tunnels leading from the outside surface of bone into medullary cavity.
Nutrient arteries
- vascu lar supply of bone marrow
- Pierce the diaphysis via the nutrient formania.
Drainage of the bone marrow
Sinusoid drain into a central longitudinal vein, which is drained by veins leaving the bone via the nautrient canal.
Vascular compartment
Is formed bye the: veins, arteries, and the sinusoid.
How does the body prevent the sinusoids from collapsing?
By making the veins smaller than the arteries, thus establishing high hydrostatic pressure within the sinusoids.
What is the interventing spaces filled with?
Island of hemopoietic cells that merge with each other, formin the hemopoietic compartment.
Hemopoietic compartment
Formed by island of hemopoietic cells that merge with each other
What lines the sinusoids?
The endothelial cells
What surrounds the sinusoids?
Slender threads of reticular fibers and a large number of adventitial reticular cells
What is island of hemopoietic cells composed of?
- Blood cells in various stages of maturation
- Macrophages
Which 4 stages is the hemopoiesis subdivided into, prenatally?
- Mesoblastic
- Hepatic
- Splenic
- Myeloid
Endomitosis
Cell does not divide, but it becomes larger and the nucelus becomes polyploid. (Platelets)
Last part of the chapter…from “prenatal hemopoiesis”
Page 237-249
When does the blood cell formation begin?
2 weeks after conception (mesoblastic phase), in the mesoderm of the yolk sac, where mesenchymal cells aggregate into cluster kown as “blood islands”.
Where does all blood cells arise from?
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)
Pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells (PHSCs)
Usually amitotic but may undergo bursts of cell division.
Give rise to more PHSCs or Multipotential hemopoietic stem cells (MHSCs)
Multipotential hemopoietic stem cells (MHSCs)
- Colony-forming unit-lymphocytes (CFU-Ly)
- Colony-forming unit-Granulocytes, Erythrocyte, Monocyte, Megakaryocyte (CFU-GEMM)
Myeloid cell lines
- Erythrocytes
- Granulocytes
- Monocytes
- Platelets
Lymphoid cell lines
- T cells
- B cells
What are the predecessors of the myeloid cell lines?
CFU-GEMM
What are the predecessors of the lymphoid cell lines?
CFU-Ly
Hox1
In the myeloid cell lines
Hox2 group
In the erythroid cell lines
Progenitor cells resemble……?
Small lymphocytes
Progenitor cells are……?
Unipotential
Unipotential
Commited to forming a single cell line, such as eosinophil
Precusor cells arise from…..?
Progenitor cells
Which cells are incapable for self-renewal?
Precusor cells
Which cells have only limited capacity for self-renewal?
Progenitor cells
Most hemopoietic growth factors are….?
Glycoproteins
Which growth factors stimulate proliferation of pluropotential and multipotential stem cells, thus maintaining their population?
- Steel factor (=stem cell factor)
- Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
- IL-3
- IL-7
Which cytokines are belived to be responsible for the mobilization and differentiation of the pluripotential and the multipotential cells intounipotential progenitor cells?
- Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
- Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)
- IL-2
- IL-5
- IL-6
- IL-11
- IL-12
- Macrophage inhibitory protein-“alpha” ( MIH-“alpha”)
- Erythroprotein
Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)
Responsible for the stimulation of cell division and for the differentiation of unipotential cell of the granulocytic and monocytic series
Erythropoietin
Activates cells of the erythrocytic series
Thrombopoietin
Stimulates platelet production
Steel factor (stem cell factor)
Acts on pluripotential, multipotential, and unipotential stem cells.
Is produced by stromal cells of the bone marrow and is incerted into their(^) cell membranes.
How do the hemopoietic cells die?
They undergo apoptosis unless they come in contact with growth factors. The macrophages engulf and destroy the apoptotic cells.
Nurse cells
The proerythroblast and their progeny form a spherical clusteraroung macrophages (nurse cells) whoch phagocytose extruted nuclei and excess or deformed erythrocytes.
Nurse cells may also provide growth factors to assist erythropoiesis
Granulocytopoiesis
The formation of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils)
Myeloblast
Precusor to all of the the three types of granulocytes
Where are there more neutrophils? And why?
There are more neutrophils in the circulatory system than in the circulating blood. Because of the process of margination.
Marginate
Neutrophils adhering to endothelial cells of the blood vessles and remain there until they are needed.
Myeloblast
Undergo mitosis, giving rise to promyelocytes, which in turn divide to form myelocytes.
Monocytopoiesis
CSF-GM undergoes mitosis and gives rise to CSF-G and CSF-M (monoblasts).
The progeny of CSF-M are promonocytes. Promonocytes have a kidney-shaped, acentrically located nucleus.
Stoped flashcard
Page 246 “platelet formation”
Give an example of an anticoagulant?
Heparin
Give an example of an anticoagulant?
Heparin
Chloride shift
Band 3 exchanges the intracellular bicarbonate for extracellular chloride.
