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Histology > Histology - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Histology - Connective Tissue Flashcards

0
Q

Which cell are the least specialized of the connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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1
Q

Which cell synthesize the ECM of connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

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2
Q

Which cell do not undergo cell division?

A

Adipose cell

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3
Q

Which cell are fully differentiated?

A

Adipose cell

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4
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Macrofages fixed

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5
Q

Fixed cells?

A
  • Fibroblast
  • Adipose cells
  • Pericytes
  • Mast cells
  • Macrophages
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6
Q

Dust cells

A

Macrophages in the lungs

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7
Q

Which cells are the largest of the fixed cells?

A

Mast cells

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8
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Quiescent cells (fibroblast)

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9
Q

“Signet ring” profile

A

Unilocular fat cell

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10
Q

What kind of ER do the unilocular and the multilocular cells have?

A

Unilocular: Sparse ER
Multilocular: Lack ER, but have SER

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11
Q

Where will the precusor of mast cells differentiate into mast cells?

A

Precusor will:

  1. Originate in the bone marrow
  2. Circulate in the blood
  3. Enter the connective tissue where it differentiate into mast cells
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12
Q

Whre are the mast cells concentreted?

A

Along small blood vessles

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13
Q

Which cell have their own basal lamina?

A

Pericytes

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14
Q

Langerhans cells

A

Macrophages of the skin

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15
Q

Annulus fibrosus

A
  • Layer of fibrocartilage whose type I collagen fibers run vertically between the hyaline cartilage of the two vertebrae
  • Oriented oblique to each other, providing support to gelatinous nucleus pulposus
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16
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A
  • Gelatinous center in each vertebral disk
  • Composed of cells derived from the notorchord, lying within a hyaluronic acid-rich matrix
  • Annulus fibrosus surround it
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17
Q

Which cell have acidophilic cytoplasm?

A

Inactive fibroblast

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18
Q

Lower blood pressure

A
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide

- Act by decreasing the capabilities of renal tubules to resorb sodium and water

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19
Q

Quanta

A

Acetylcholine (ligand/neurotransmitter) in large quantities

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20
Q

Junctional feet

A

Voltage gated calcium release channels

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found in the heart and pulmonary vessles

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22
Q

Lamina reticularis

A

Type I and III collagen

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23
Q

Signaling pathway that lead to activation if the cell cycle, cell differentiation, cytoskeletal reorganization, regulation of gene expression, and even programmed death via apoptosis

A

Includes:

  • Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway
  • Protein kinase C pathway
  • Phosphoinositide pathway
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24
Q

Kupffer cell

A

Macrophages of the liver

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25
Q

Which cells belong to the mononuclear phagocyte system?

A 
- Macrophages:
    > Kupffer cells
    > Dust cells
    > Langerhans cells
    > Monocytes
    > Macrophages of the connective tissue, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and bone marrow
- Osteoclast
- Microglia
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26
Q

What is the function of active phagocytes?

A

They function in removing cellular debris and in protectingnthe body against foreign invaders

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27
Q

Is the cytoplasm of the macrophages acidophilic or basophilic?

A

Basophilic

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28
Q

Which cell have a nucleus that resembles a kidney?

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

Which cell posses microvilli and lamellipodia?

A

Active macrophages

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30
Q

Which cell do not display nucleoli?

A

Macrophages

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31
Q

From where do the macrophages arise?

A
  • They arise from monocytes.

- Activated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF)

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32
Q

Epitheloid cells

A

Are macrophages that have enlarged and become polygonal

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33
Q

Foreign-body giant

A
  • Macrophages fused together.

- The foreign-body giant is multinucleated

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34
Q

Fixed macrophages =?

A

Resident macrophages

35
Q

Free macrophages

A

Elicited macrophages

36
Q

Macrophages are…..

A

Active phagocytes

37
Q

Where does all members of the mononuclear phagocyte system arise from?

A

They arise from common stem cell in bone marrow

38
Q

What is degranulation?

A

The release of the granule contents, namely histamine, heparin, neutral protease, aryl sulfatase, and other enzymes, eosinophil chemotactic factor, and neutrophil chemotactic factor.

39
Q

What is adenylate cyclase responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the conversion of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to cAMP

40
Q

Which receptors does the mast cells have?

A

FceRI for IgE

41
Q

What is and which cell initiate “immidiate hypersensitivity reaction” (anaphylatic reaction?)?

A

It is an inflammatory response from mast cells

42
Q

What is the difference in the granules of mast cells in the connective tussue and those of the mucosa of the alimentary tract?

A
  • Connective tissue –> Heparin

- Mucosal mast cells –> Chondroitin sulfate

43
Q

What does the releasing of histamin from the mucousal mast cell do?

A

Facilitate the activation of parietal cells of the stomach to produce hyaluronic acid

44
Q

What does the fat cell manufacture?

A

Lipoprotein lipase

45
Q

What is VLDL B synthesized by?

A

By the liver

46
Q

Which cells are located along the blood vessles?

A

Fat cells and mast cells

47
Q

Where is the norepinephrine and epinephrine relesed from?

A

Suprarenal medulla

48
Q

Where is fat cells found?

A

Fat cells is found through the body in loose connective tissue and are concentreted along blood vessles

49
Q

Which cell becomes irregular having pseudupod-like projections during fasting?

A

White adipose tissue

50
Q

Where are the fixed mast cells located?

A

In the connective tissue proper

51
Q

Which cells are the largest of the fixed cells?

A

Mast cells

52
Q

Which fat cell is most abundant?

A

White fat cells, unilocular cells

53
Q

Which cell has an acidophilic cytoplasm?

A

Inactive fibroblast

54
Q

What is in active fibroblast?

A
  • Actin and “alpha”-actin at the periphery of the cell.

- Myosin is throughout the cytoplasm

55
Q

Myofibroblast have similar characteristics to……?

A

Fibroblast and smooth muscle cells

56
Q

Pericytes possess characteristics of…….?

A

Endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells

57
Q

Which cells are outside the connective tissue conpartment and why?

A

The pericytes, because they are surrounded by their own basal lamina.

58
Q

Where is myofibroblast most abundant?

A

In areas undergoing wound healing, where they function in wound contraction

59
Q

What do the smooth muscle cell have which the myofibroblast do not have?

A

External lamina (basal lamina)

60
Q

The mast cells resembles?

A

Basophils

61
Q

Which cell is most abundant in dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

62
Q

What do the different dense connective tissue constitue?

A

The dermis
The sheaths of nerves
The capsules of the spleen, testes, ovary, kidney, and lymph nodes.

63
Q

Which connective tissue resists tensile forces?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

64
Q

Which connective tissue resists stress?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

65
Q

What connective tissue is the cardiac skeleton comoposed of?

A

Dense connective tissue

66
Q

Which cell synthesize the type III collagen?

A

Fibroblast of reticular tissue

67
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue of mucos membrane

68
Q

Where can we find Wharton’s jelly/mucous tissue?

A

Umbilical cord and the subdermal connective tissue of the embryo

69
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Blood
70
Q

Connective tissue proper

A
  • Loose (areolar) connective tissue
  • Dense connective tissue
    > Dense irregular connective tissue
    > Dense regular connective tissue
    ~ Collagenous
    ~ Elastic
  • Reticular tissue
  • Adipose tissue
71
Q

Embryonic connective tissue

A
  • Mesenchymal connective tissue

- Mucous connective tissue

72
Q

Facilitate the uptake and release of free fatty acids and glycerol

A
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Norepinephrine
  • Glucocorticoids
73
Q

Where is the unilocular fat present?

A

In the subcutanous layer throughout the body

74
Q

Why do the brown adipose tissue appear tan to reddish brown?

A

Because of the extensive vascularity and the chytochromes present in its abundant mitochondria

75
Q

How do the axon end in brown adipose tissue?

A

Unmyelinated nerve fibers enter the tissue, with the axon ending on the blood vessels as well as in fat cells, whereas in white fat tissue, the neurons end only on the blood vessles

76
Q

How do the axon end in white adipose tissue?

A

The neurons end only on the blood vessles

77
Q

Which substances do the unilocular fat cells have receptors for that facilitate the uptake and release of free fatty acids and glycerol?

A
  • Insulin
  • Growth hormone
  • Norepinephrine
  • Glucocorticoids
78
Q

What does the neurotransmitter norepinephrine do?

A

Activates the enzyme taht cleaves triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol initiating the heat production by oxidation of fatty acids in the mitochondria

79
Q

Thermogenin

A

A transmembrane protein located on the inner membrane of the mitochondira, permit backflow of protons instead of utilizing them for synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); as a result of uncoupling oxidation from phosphorylation, the proton flow generates energy that is dispersed as heat

80
Q

(Stem cells –> ) Preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes……

A

Under the influence of a series of activating factors

81
Q

Primary fat formation

A
  • Occurs early in fetal life.
  • Groups of epitheliod precusor cells are distributed at certain locations in the developing fetus; in these tissues, lipid droplets begin to accumulate in the form of brown adipose tissue
82
Q

Secondary fat formaton

A

Near the end of fetal life, other fusiform precusor cells, differentiate in many areas of the connective tissue within the fetus and begin to accumulate lipids that coalesce into the single droplet in each cell, thus forming the unilocular fat cells found in adults

83
Q

When is the brown adipose tissue present?

A

In the embryo and, a little bit in adults.

84
Q

When is white adipose tissue present?

A

Only after birth. Adults have mostly unilocular fat

Histology (14 decks)

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