Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HS Exam 1 > Histology- Assessment 1 > Flashcards

Histology- Assessment 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what do aldehyde fixatives do?

A

cross link- create covalent bonds between proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what do alcohol fixatives do?

A

precipitate proteins which leads to precipitation and aggregation of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is NBF?

A

neutral buffer formalin

an aldehyde that irreversibly cross links proteins at amino groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is lost if NBF is used?

A

ions, mRNA, miRNA, and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are mercurials good for and why?

A

immunological specimens because of a slower rate of penetration, get good nuclear preservation in lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an oxidizing agent? what does it bind to?

A

secondary fixative used in EM, binds to phospholipids to preserve the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is an example of an oxidizing agent?

A

osmium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is osmium stain used for?

A

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is picrate fixative?

A

precipitating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what affects fixation?

A 
pH
osmolarity
specimen size
fixative volume
temperature
duration
time from removal to fixation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some examples of artifact?

A

specimen shrinkage or swelling

poor penetration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens to large macromolecules in fixed samples? what are some examples?

A

aggregate

nucleoproteins, intracellular cytoskeletal proteins, extracellular proteins, membrane phopholipid-protein complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what tissue components are lost during fixation?

A

ions, glycogen, small proteins, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how is water removed from a specimen?

A

series of dehydrations
water removed with ethanol
ethanol removed with xylene
then paraffin added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens after paraffin is put into a specimen?

A

thin sections are cut into a ribbon using a microtome
ribbon floated onto a slide
slide baked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

after the specimen is on the slide, what next?

A

paraffin removed by reversing the dehydration process

stained with water soluble dye, dehydrated, stain with ethanol soluble dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do acidic dyes bind to?

A

positive things because they are negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is eosin?

A

an acidic dye that binds to cytoplasmic filaments, intracellular membrane components, and extracellular fibers (positive things)
pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what do basic dyes bind to?

A

negative things because they are positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is hematoxylin?

A 
a basic dye that binds phosphate groups on nucleic acids, sulfate groups on GAGs, and carboxyl groups of proteins (negative things)
*requires an additive
pH dependent
high pH- binds all groups
5-7- sulfate and phosphate groups
<5- sulfate only
purple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does hematoxylin stain?

A

heterochromatin, nucleoli, cytoplasm with lots of mRNA, ECM cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is enzyme digestion used for?

A

as a positive control- destroy what you are staining to make sure you are staining the right thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is enzyme histochemistry?

A

stains the reaction product with a heavy metal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is immunohistochemistry?

A

using fluorescent stains to visualize things

direct and indirect methods exist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is hybridization?

A

when ssRNA or ssDNA interact with complimentary sequences

detected with radioactive probes of fluorescent dyes on the sequence that will bind to the target sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is FISH?

A

fluorescent in situ hybridization

used to screen for trisomy 21

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a benefit of using frozen tissue preparation?

A

preserves lipid droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what does a teased preparation look like? what is it used for?

A

little strings that are pulled apart

nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does a smear look like? what is it used for?

A

used for blood, smear sample across to get single layer of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a spread?

A

use the whole sample, spread out on a slide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a tissue microarray?

A

up to 1000 samples run at the same time to compare them quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is confocal scanning microscopy?

A

take many image slices through a sample to reassemble to get a 3D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is 2 photon microscopy? what are benefits of using it?

A

multiple, low energy photons shot at a sample and a photon is emitted
gives clearer points than fluorescence microscopy
prevents tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is second harmonic generation microscopy? what is it used for?

A

photons combine to form higher energy photon when shot at a non linear material
used to determine tumor rigidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is TEM?

A

transmission electron microscopy
sample stained with osmium after being sectioned in plastic
electrons shot at sample and deflection is measured
gives 2D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is SEM?

A

scanning electron microscopy
stain sample after critically drying it
electron beam rasters over the sample and generates a 3D image of the surface topography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is freeze fracture?

A

freeze samples and fracture along lipid bilayers to see inside the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is the e face in freeze fracture technique?

A

ectoplasmic face- inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what is the p face in freeze fracture technique?

A

protoplasmic face- cytoplasm membrane, very bumpy because you can see all the stuff in the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is serial block face SEM?

A

remove small layers and image each time to reconstruct a 3D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is atomic force microscopy used for?

A

stiffness determination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are microfilaments used for?

A

actin- cell movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what are intermediate filaments used for?

A

structure maintence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what are microtubules used for?

A

moving organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

which end of actin (microfilaments) grows slowly? fast?

A 
pointed end (-) slow growing
barbed end (+)- fast growing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what does phallodin stain?

A

actin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is non muscle myosin?

A

same structure as muscle myosin, but used for cell movement

appears as a zigzag pattern inside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

how is non muscle myosin regulated?

A

phosphorylation of regulatory light chain- induces polymerization
phophorylation of myosin heavy chain- inhibits chain interaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A

13 alternating chains of alpha and beta subunits in a ring

gamma subunit is used as regulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what energy molecule is associated with microtubles?

A

GTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

in what direction do microtubules grow?

A

positive end

anchored at negative end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

in what structure are microtubules found as a ring of pairs?

A

cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

in what structure are microtubules found as a ring of triplets?

A

centriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what direction do kinesin proteins move? what do they move on?

A

retrograde along microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what direction do dynesin proteins move? what do they move on?

A

anterograde along microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is the most stable cytoplasmic filament? most dynamic?

A

stable- intermediate filaments

dynamic- microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments?

A

alpha helical monomers form coiled coil dimers which associate to form a tetromer that then packs antiparalelly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

bringing something into a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

slightt invagination without clatherin involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

antibody binds and antigen and triggers it be brought in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

something has to bind a receptor for endocytosis to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what stains rough ER?

A

basic dyes- eosin (blue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

where are simple squamous cells found?

A

blood vessel lining
air interface in lung
kidney loop of henley
visceral coverings of organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

where are simple cuboidal cells found?

A

ducts, kidney tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

where are simple columnar cells found?

A

digestive tract and female reproductive tract

66
Q

where are psudeostratified columnar cells found?

A

respiratory tract, male reproductive tract

67
Q

where is stratified squamous epithelial tissue found?

A

keratinized- skin, masticatory areas of oral cavity

nonkeratinized- esophagus, oral cavity lining, vagina

68
Q

where is stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

A

ducts

69
Q

where is stratified columnar epithelial tissue found?

A

ducts

70
Q

where is transitional epithelial tissue found?

A

bladder, ureters, urethra

71
Q

what are examples of calcium dependent CAMs? what are they for?

A

cadherins- cell-cell attachment

selectins- cell-cell attachment but WBC can migrate through them

72
Q

what are examples of calcium independent CAMs? what are they for?

A

Ig superfamily- WBC migration

integrin- cell-cell or cell-ECM attachment

73
Q

what is an ADAM protein? what are they for?

A

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase
prevents integrin attachment to ECM and breaks down connective tissue during embryogenesis, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis?

74
Q

what is the basal lamina made of?

A

laminin, fibronectin, type 4 collage

75
Q

what makes the basal lamina?

A

epithelial tissue

76
Q

what is the reticular lamina made of?

A

type 3 collagen

77
Q

what makes reticular lamina?

A

connective tissue

78
Q

what are the two components of the basement membrane?

A

basal lamina and reticular lamina

79
Q

what are microvili?

A

plasma membrane protection with actin filament core anchored to intracellular actin

80
Q

what are stereo cilia?

A

long microvili

81
Q

what are cilia?

A

separate organelles that anchor into the cell surface

82
Q

what is found in basal infoldings?

A

lots of mitochondria

83
Q

what are occluding junctions?

A

tight junctions on apical surface to form seal

84
Q

what is unique about zonula adhering?

A

have terminal bar below in an EM

85
Q

what is the structure of a gap junction?

A

tubular connexin with 6 subunits, one in each cell

86
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increased cell quantity

87
Q

what is hypoplasia?

A

absence of normal cells

88
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in size

89
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decrease in size

90
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

change in morphology that is reversible if a stimulus is removed

91
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

atypical morphology due to early division of immature cells

92
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

persistant abnormality

93
Q

how are endocrine glands formed?

A

break away from epithelium, no ducts–>secrete directly into neighboring vessels

94
Q

how are exocrine glands formed?

A

stay attached to epithelium, may have ducts, secrete onto surface epithelium

95
Q

what are goblet cells?

A

unicellular exocrine glands that secrete mucous

96
Q

what are gastric glands?

A

tubular exocrine glands without ducts

97
Q

what are salivary glands?

A

acinar exocrine glands with ducts that secrete protein (serous)

98
Q

what is the pancreas?

A

exocrine gland

99
Q

what do serous glands look like at LM level?

A

darker, lots of rER (pink)

100
Q

what do mucus glands look like at LM level?

A

white

101
Q

what do acinar glands look like?

A

bunch of grapes

102
Q

what is merocrine secretion?

A

vesicles leave via exocytosis

103
Q

what is apocrine secretion?

A

some apical cytoplasm is pinched off with secretions

104
Q

what is holocrine secretion?

A

the cell disintegrates to release its secretion

105
Q

what is a poorly differentiated tumor?

A

not similar to the source of the tumor- poor prognosis

106
Q

wheat is a well differentiated tumor?

A

similar to the source of the tumor- good prognosis

107
Q

what is a papilloma?

A

benign, from surface epithelium

108
Q

what is an adenoma?

A

benign, from glandular tissue

109
Q

what is an adenocarcinoma?

A

malignant, from glandular tissue

110
Q

what does the dorsal root carry

A

sensory

111
Q

ventral root carries

A

motor

112
Q

sensory ganglia contain

A

cell bodies of pseudo unipolar neurons

113
Q

sensory ganglia are part of

A

dorsal root

114
Q

the entrance to the sympathetic chain ganglia is through

A

white rami communicans

115
Q

the exit from sympathetic chain ganglia is through

A

gray rami communicans

116
Q

parasympathetic motor ganglia are

A

outside cranial nerves and lumbosaccral nerves

117
Q

what are the types of neuron endings of pseudo unipolar neurons?

A

modified neurons-
encapsulated endings
unencapsulated endings
proprioceptors

118
Q

how do modified neurons work?

A

special cells detect stimulus and gives signal to neuron

119
Q

examples of unencapsulated neuron endings?

A

free endings, hair follicle

120
Q

examples of encapsulated neuron endings

A

meissner’s corpuscles
pacinian corpusules
ruffini’s corpuscles

121
Q

where are purkinje cells?

A

in cerebellum between molecular and granular layers

122
Q

where are pyramidal cells

A

cerebrum

123
Q

where are fibrous astrocytes located?

A

white matter

124
Q

where are protoplasmic astrocytes located?

A

gray matter

125
Q

where are ependymal cells?

A

line ventricles of brain and spinal cord

126
Q

what does the choroid plexus do?

A

make cSF

127
Q

what are microglia derived from?

A

monocytes

128
Q

what stains myelin well?

A

osmium- looks like sharpie around the axon

129
Q

what holds the layers of membrane around the axon together to form myelin?

A

desmosomes, cadherins, and gap junctions

130
Q

what happens with a B12 deficiency?

A

hypomyelination- myelin doesn’t develop in first 2 years so it is missing

131
Q

what happens in heavy metal poisoning?

A

demyelination

132
Q

what is lyme disease?

A

demyelination secondary to axon degeneration

133
Q

what is ALD?

A

adrenoleukodystrophy

peroxisomal disorder involving defects in lipid synthesis and breakdown leading to defects in myelin synthesis

134
Q

what is MS?

A

multiple sclerosis
antibodies against myelin formed after some initiating factor
inflammatory response

135
Q

what is PML?

A

demyelination caused by reactivation of HPV virus in immunocompromised adults

136
Q

what is chromocytolysis?

A

nerve cell swells in response to injury

137
Q

how is rabies transmitted?

A

retrograde transport of the virus into the cell body where it proliferates and shed to adjacent neurons
lots of viral particles in cerebellum

138
Q

what is another term for parasympathetic ganglia?

A

intramural ganglia

139
Q

what triggers glial scar formation?

A

toxin getting through blood vessel in brain and initiating an as astrocytic reaction

140
Q

what do macrophages look like?

A

ruffled boarder

high lysosome activity–junk in cytoplasm

141
Q

what does adipose look like?

A

light staining

142
Q

what do mast cells look like?

A

filled with secretory granules, stained with annular blue that only stains the granules and leaves negative impression of nucleus

143
Q

what do plasma cells look like?

A

oval shaped with clock faced nucleus

144
Q

what is amyloidosis-

A

intracellular proteins deposited in extracellular area which leads to formation of amyloid plaques in tissues with basement membrane

145
Q

what is Ehler’s danlos syndrome?

A

genetic defect in collagen fibril synthesis characterized by join dislocation and skin hyperlasticity

146
Q

where is type 1 collagen found? what does it look like?

A

in dense regular CT as large bundles

147
Q

where is type 2 collagen found? what does it look like?

A

hyaline cartilage as big fibers

148
Q

where is type 3 collagen found? what does it look like?

A

blood forming tissues as reticular fibers that look like thorny threads

149
Q

what stains reticular fibers?

A

silver stain

150
Q

where is type 4 collagen found? what does it look like?

A

basal lamina, no fibers or polymerization

151
Q

what does elastin look like?

A

wiggly thin fibers in annular blue stained sections

152
Q

what does mesenchyme look like? where is it?

A

wispy, in immature mesoderm (embryo)

153
Q

what does mucoid look like? where is it?

A

a few collagen fibers, more eosinophilic than mesenchyme (pinker), in umbilical cord

154
Q

how can you tell if you are looking at a section of umbilical cord?

A

2 veins and an artery will be present

155
Q

where is loose CT?

A

under epithelium, more cells present than fibers

156
Q

what does dense irregular CT look like?

A

collagen fibers in many directions

157
Q

what does dense regular CT look like?

A

packed collagen fibers in the same direction

fibroblasts look like they were pushed out of the way

158
Q

what does reticular CT look like?

A

thorny wire, stained with silver

159
Q

what does reticular CT do?

A

framework for adipocytes- will look like thorny wire around a bunch of white spaces

160
Q

what does unilocular adipose look like?

A

chicken wire, few fibers, white

161
Q

what does multilocular adipose look like?

A

lots of darker droplets

162
Q

what is an abcess?

A

liquidation of the inside of a fibrotic area

HS Exam 1 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions