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HS Exam 1 > Gross Anatomy- Exam 1 > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the hole between the pubis and ischium bones of the pelvis called?

A

obturator foramen

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2
Q

what passes through the hole between the pubis and the ischium?

A

obturator nerve and artery

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3
Q

what ligament spans from the sacrum to ishium tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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4
Q

what ligament spans from the sacrum to the spine of the ishium?

A

sacrospinal ligament

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5
Q

what space is superior to the sacrospinal ligament?

A

greater sciatic foramen

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6
Q

what space is inferior to the sacrospinal ligament?

A

lesser sciatic foramen

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7
Q

what passes through the greater sciatic foramen? where do they go?

A

sciatic nerve
superior and inferior gluteal nerves and arteries
pudenal nerve and artery
nerve to obturater internus
nerve to quatratus femoris
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
from the gluteal region to the thigh and and pelvis

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8
Q

what passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? where do they go?

A

pudenal nerve
internal pudal artery
from the gluteal region to the perineum

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9
Q

what defines the anterior boarder between the abdomen and anterior thigh? what are its connections?

A

inguinal ligament- anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle

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10
Q

what passes by the inguinal ligament? where do they go?

A

femoral artery, nerve, and vein pass deep to it to get from the pelvis into the anterior thigh

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11
Q

where is the adductor tubercle of the femur?

A

superior to the medial epicondyle

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12
Q

where is the gluteal tuberosity of the femur?

A

posterior lateral ridge

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13
Q

where is the line aspera?

A

smaller ridges inferior to gluteal tuberosity

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14
Q

what is the strongest ligament in the body? where is it?

A

iliofemoral ligament- ilium to intertrochanter line of the femur

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15
Q

what are the articulating surfaces of the femur?

A

head

medial and lateral condyles (below the epicondyles)

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16
Q

where is the intertrochanter line of the femur?

A

between the greater and lesser trochanters, lateral to the neck

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17
Q

where is the tibial tuberosity?

A

anterior bump, below knee

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18
Q

where is the soleal line?

A

posterior ridge

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19
Q

what are the articulating surfaces of the tibia?

A

tibial plateau

inferior articular surface

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20
Q

what is the ankle joint?

A

between the distal tibia and the talus bone

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21
Q

what type of bone is the patella?

A

sesmoid bone- forms inside a ligament

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22
Q

where does the patella sit?

A

inferior aspect of the femur- not on the knee joint

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23
Q

what is ankle flexion?

A

pointing the toe

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24
Q

what is knee flexion?

A

bringing the foot toward the butt

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25
Q

what are the stages of a gait cycle?

A
  1. heel strike
  2. loading response- put down toes
  3. mid stance- balancing on one foot
  4. terminal stance- lifting heel
  5. pre swing- push off with toe
    6- swing- foot in air
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26
Q

while one foot is at heel strike, the other is

A

preswing

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27
Q

while one foot is in the loading response, the other is

A

initial swing

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28
Q

while one foot is in mid stance, the other is

A

mid swing

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29
Q

while one foot is in terminal stance, the other is

A

end swing

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30
Q

while one foot is in pre swing, the other is in

A

heel strike

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31
Q

while one foot is in the swing, the other is in

A

stance stages (3)

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32
Q

how is abduction used in the gait cycle?

A

lean to the weight bearing side to maintain balance

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33
Q

where is rocking occurring during the gait cycle? how?

A

between heel strike and preswing- shift weight from heel to big toe (inversion to eversion

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34
Q

what nerve roots are in the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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35
Q

what lower limb nerves come off of the anterior part of the lumbar plexus?

A

obturator nerve

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36
Q

what lower limb nerves come off of the posterior part of the lumbar plexus?

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

femoral nerve

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37
Q

where do the nerves of the lumbar plexus go?

A

abdomen, lower limb

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38
Q

where do the nerves of the sacral plexus go?

A

lower limb
pelvis
perineum

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39
Q

what lower limb nerves come off the posterior part of the sacral plexus?

A

superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
nerve to piriformis

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40
Q

what lower limb nerves come off the anterior part of the sacral plexus?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

nerve to obturator internus

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41
Q

what lower limb nerves come off the sacral plexus that are a mix of anterior and posterior divisions?

A

sciatic nerve- tibial (anterior), common fibular (posterior)

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

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42
Q

what structures are between the gluteus medias and maximus?

A

inferior gluteal vascular bundle (inferior gluteal nerve, artery, vein)
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
sacrotuberous ligament- branches of pudendal nerve

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43
Q

what is the piriformis used as a landmark for?

A

superior gluteal bundle comes out superiorly
inferior gluteal bundle comes out inferiorly
sciatic nerve comes out inferiorly

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44
Q

what is the fascia lata? what is it for?

A

tough connective tissue surrounding leg muscles, forces muscles to go inward during contraction

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45
Q

what helps stabilize the knee?

A

iliotibial tract, aka IT band

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46
Q

what is the order of the deep gluteal muscles from superior to inferior?

A 
gluteus minimis
piriformis
superior gemellus
obtruator internus
inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
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47
Q

what does the superior gluteal nerve supply?

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimis
tensor fascia lata

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48
Q

what does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?

A

gluteus maximus

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49
Q

what does the obturator internus nerve supply?

A

obturator internus

superior gemellus

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50
Q

what does the quratus femoralis nerve supply?

A

inferior gemellus

quadratus femoralis

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51
Q

why is the gluteal region good for large volume injections?

A

large muscle mass

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52
Q

what is in the gluteal region that must be avoided when giving injections?

A

superior and inferior gluteal vascular bundles

sciatic nerve

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53
Q

what are the hamstring muscles?

A

semitendinous, semimembranous, long head of biceps femoris

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54
Q

what is the role of the pectinus muscle when the femur fractures between the trochanters?

A

pectinus muscle displaces the medial portion of the bone

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55
Q

what muscles merge to make the iliopsoas?

A

3 posterior abdominal muscles: psoas major, psoas minor, iliacus

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56
Q

what are the boarders of the femoral triangle?

A

superior- inguinal ligament
lateral- sartorius
medial- adductor longus
floor- iliospoas, pectinus

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57
Q

what is in the femoral triangle?

A

femoral nerve, artery, and vein

deep inguinal lymph nodes and vessels

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58
Q

where does the lateral circumflex branch of deep femoral artery go?

A

ascending branch- gluteal region

descending branch- knee

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59
Q

where does the medial circumflex branch of deep femoral artery go?

A

head and neck of femur

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60
Q

what does the perforationg arteries from the deep branch of the femoral artery go?

A

adductor mangus
hamstrings
vastus lateralis

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61
Q

what are the boarders of the popliteal fossa?

A

superior medial- semimembranosus/semitendinosus
superior lateral- biceps femoris
inferior medial- medial head of gastrocnemius
inferior lateral- lateral head of gastrocnemius

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62
Q

what is in the popliteal fossa?

A 
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
end of small saphenous vein
tibial and common fibular nerves
posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
popliteal lymph nodes and vessels
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63
Q

what nerve in the knee is commonly injured? why?

A

common fibular nerve- wraps around the head and neck of the fibula outside the popliteal fossa

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64
Q

what are the ligaments in the knee and where do they attach?

A

ACL- femur to anterior tibia
PCL- femur to posterior tibia
MCL- medial epicondyl of femur to medial condyl of tibia
LCL- lateral epicondyl of femur to head of fibula

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65
Q

what is the meniscus? where is it?

A

acts as a shock absorber between the femur and tibia

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66
Q

what is the Unhappy triad?

A

lateral extended knee hit or twist of flexed knee–>torn ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus
probalby due to instability in the medial meniscus, and then ACL is last thing to tear

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67
Q

what is a more common injury mechanism than the unhappy triad?

A

lateral meniscus compression injury after a lateral knee hit resulting in ACL and MCL tearing

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68
Q

what is ankle flexion?

A

pointing the toe

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69
Q

what is ankle extension?

A

flexing the foot

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70
Q

what is inversion

A

rolling the ankle outward so the bottom of the foot points in

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71
Q

what is eversion?

A

rolling ankle inward so the bottom of the foot points out

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72
Q

what muscles insert via the calcaneal tendon?

A

plantaris
gastrocnemius
soleus

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73
Q

what muscles are in the superficial posterior leg compartment?

A

soleus
gastrocnemius
plantaris

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74
Q

what muscles do plantar flexion?

A

posterior leg

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75
Q

what is the innervation and blood supply for the posterior leg muscles?

A

tibial nerve

posterior tibial artery

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76
Q

what fiber type is in the gastrocnemius?

A

fast twitch

77
Q

what fiber type is in the soleus?

A

slow twitch

78
Q

what is the fools nerve?

A

the tendon of the plantaris muscle

79
Q

in what order do the deep posterior leg structures come around from the medial malleolus?

A 
tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
posterior tibial artery
tibial vein
tibial nerve
flexor hallicus
80
Q

tom, dick, and very nervous harry

A

order deep posterior leg structures come around the medial malleolus

81
Q

what muscles are the anterior leg compartment?

A

extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus
tibialis anterior
fibularis tertius

82
Q

what do the anterior leg muscles do?

A

dorsiflexion

83
Q

what muscles are in the deep posterior leg compartment?

A

popliteus
tibials posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallicus longus

84
Q

what is the innervation and blood supply to the anterior leg muscles?

A

deep fibular nerve

anterior tibial artery

85
Q

what are shin splints?

A

inflammation of the anterior tibialis muscle- mild shin splints

86
Q

what separates the superficial and deep posterior leg compartments?

A

transverse intermuscular septum

87
Q

what muscles are in the lateral leg compartment?

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

88
Q

what do the lateral leg muscles do?

A

foot eversion

89
Q

what is the innervation and blood supply to the lateral leg muscles?

A

superficial fibular nerve

perforating arteries of anterior tibial and fibular arteries

90
Q

where do the lateral leg muscles insert?

A

pass posterior to the lateral malleolus and insert at the base of the 5th metatarsal

91
Q

what are the names of the tarsal bones?

A 
calcaneus
talus
navicular
cuboid
lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
medial cuneiform
92
Q

posterior tarsals

A

calcanius, talus

93
Q

intermediate tarsals

A

navicular

cuboid

94
Q

anterior tarsals

A

lateral, intermediate, and medial cuneiform

95
Q

where is the transverse tarsal joint?

A

between the posterior tarsals and the intermediate tarsals

96
Q

where is the tarsal metatarsal joint?

A

between the anterior tarsals and the metatarsals

97
Q

which ligament is torn in ankle sprains?

A

anterior talofibular ligament- part of lateral ligament of the ankle

98
Q

how many components are in the lateral ligament of the ankle?

99
Q

how many components are in the medial ligament of the ankle?

100
Q

which ankle ligament is stronger?

101
Q

what is a Pott’s fracture?

A

eversion injury, medial ligament doesn’t tear but breaks medial malleolus which causes tibial displacement which causes the lateral malleolus to break too

102
Q

how is the lateral ligament injured?

A

inversion injuries

103
Q

how is the medial ligament injured?

A

eversion injuries- not likely since the ligament is so strong

104
Q

what ligaments make up the longitudinal arch?

A

plantar calcaneonavicular
long plantar
short plantar

105
Q

what makes up the transverse arch?

A

tendons of tibialis posterior and fibularis longs muscles

106
Q

inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis?

A

plantar fasciitis

107
Q

where does the plantar aponeurosis attach?

A

medial tubercle of calcaneus

108
Q

how are heel spurs formed?

A

plantar aponeurosis is pulling on the calcaneus which induces the bone to grow toward it–causes pain because bone gets close to the nerve that comes around on the medial side of the aponeurosis

109
Q

what muscles are in the medial compartment of the foot?

A

flexor hallicus brevis
flexor hallicus longus
abductor hallicus

110
Q

what innervates the medial compartment?

A

medial plantar nerve

111
Q

what muscles are in the central compartment?

A 
lumbericals
flexor digitorum brevis
quadratus plantae
adductor hallicus
tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
112
Q

what innervates the central compartment?

A

medial plantar- #1 lumberical, flexor digitorum brevis

lateral plantar- 2-5 lumbericals, quadratus plantae, adductor hallicus

113
Q

what muscles are in the lateral compartment?

A

flexor digiti minimi brevis

abductor digiti minimi

114
Q

what innervates the lateral compartment?

A

lateral plantar nerve

115
Q

what innervates the interosseous muscles?

A

lateral plantar

116
Q

what muscles are in the dorsal compartment?

A

extensor hallicus brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
tendons of digitorum longus

117
Q

what innervates the dorsal compartment?

A

deep fibular nerve

118
Q

what is the path of the lateral plantar artery?

A

cross deep to quadrates planate

119
Q

where does the anterior tibial artery become the dorsal pedis artery?

A

after it passes the extensor retinaculum

120
Q

what does the dorsalis pedis artery do initially?

A

lateral tarsal branches from dorsalis pedis and goes diagonally across foot
arcuate branches from dorsalis pedis artery and atastamoses with dorsal pedis and lateral tarsal
deep plantar artery is the terminal branch of the dorsalis pedis that goes to the plantar side

121
Q

what forms the deep plantar arch?

A

anastamosis between deep plantar and posterior perforating branches

122
Q

what supplies blood to the toes?

A

dorsal- dorsal metatarsal arteries from the arcuate artery

plantar- branches from deep plantar arch that go to digits

123
Q

cutaneous innervation of posterior thigh

A

posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

124
Q

cutaneous innervation of posterior lateral leg

A

medial sural cutaneous

125
Q

cutaneous innervation of anterior superior lateral leg?

A

lateral sural cutaneous

126
Q

cutaneous innervation of heel

A

medial calcaneal branches of tibial

127
Q

cutaneous innervation of anterior lateral thigh

A

lateral cutaneous nerve

128
Q

cutaneous innervation of medial thigh

A

anterior cutaneous branches of femoral

129
Q

cutaneous innervation of medial anterior leg

A

branches of saphenous

130
Q

cutaneous innervation of medial knee

A

cutaneous branches of obturator

131
Q

cutaneous innervation of anterior inferior lateral leg

A

medial sural cutaneous

132
Q

cutaneous innervation of lateral foot

133
Q

cutaneous innervation of webbing between first two toes

A

deep fibular nerve

134
Q

cause of foot drop with inversion, patient slapping foot down with exaggerated thigh lift? injury site?

A

common fibular nerve compression
deficits in anterior (dorsiflexion) and lateral (eversion) compartments
lateral knee area

135
Q

cause foot drop only with paid between first two toes? injury site?

A

deep fibular nerve compression
loss of anterior (dorsiflexsion) and cutaneous innervation to first two toes
either fibular head or near extensor retinaculum (ski boot syndrome)

136
Q

how can you tell if a nerve is compressed versus severed?

A

compression- have pain/tingling

severed- no feeling at all

137
Q

cause of walking on the lateral aspect of the foot? injury location?

A

superficial fibular nerve compression- loss of lateral (eversion)
injury near fibular head or nerve stretched in ankle sprain

138
Q

why would pain radiate proximal to an injury?

A

using other muscles to compensate for the distal deficit

139
Q

what is a positive trandelenburg sign?

A

standing on one foot, patient leans toward opposite side- due to superior gluteal nerve defect on the side they are standing on

140
Q

what is gluteal gait?

A

superior gluteal nerve defect compensatory gait- lean to defective side while balancing on that foot to swing the normal side around

141
Q

what nerve if severed prevents walking and standing? why?

A

sciatic nerve- loss of thigh extensors and all leg muscles

142
Q

loss of knee extenders?

A

femoral nerve injury

143
Q

gait compensation for femoral nerve injury?

A

lean forward lean torso forward on affected side to force knee into extension

144
Q

loss of cutaneous innervation on lateral and anterior thigh, medial leg and foot?

A

femoral nerve injury

145
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

compression of deeper structures in a compartment due to the fascia restricting spread of inflammation

146
Q

what are the effects of compartment syndrome?

A

damage to distal structures- ischemia, lower tissue temp

loss of distal pulses

147
Q

what in the leg fascia allows infections to spread?

A

opening between lateral compartment and popliteal fossa that the fibular nerve goes through

148
Q

what causes varicose veins?

A

dilation in superficial veins due to insufficinet valves in the deeper veins–become visible in superficial because blood back flows into them

149
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis?

A

clot in deeper leg vein due to vascular insufficiency that causes sweeping, warmth, and erythema

150
Q

what are possible causes of DVT?

A

loose fascia
external pressure from something on too tight
inactivity

151
Q

what can cause a pulmonary embolism?

A

DVT- clot breaks loose and goes to lungs

152
Q

dorsiflexion without plantar flexion

A

tibial nerve injury

153
Q

what does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

gluteus maximus

154
Q

superior gluteal nerve

A

gluteus medias
gluteas minimas
tensor fascia lata

155
Q

nerve to piriformis

A

piriformis

156
Q

nerve to obturator internus

A

superior gamellous

obturator internus

157
Q

nerve to quadratus femoris

A

inferior gamellous

quadratus femoris

158
Q

tibial division of sciatic nerve

A

semimembranosus
semitendinosus
long head of biceps femoris

159
Q

fibular division of sciatic nerve

A

short head of biceps femoris

160
Q

femoral nerve

A 
sartorius
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedias
vastus medialis
pectinus
161
Q

obturator nerve

A

gracilis
adductor brevis
adductor of adductor mangos
obturator externus

162
Q

path of femoral nerve

A

passes behind the inguinal ligament to femoral triangle

163
Q

path of saphenous nerve

A

branch of femoral nerve at the femoral triangle, goes down medial side of knee behind sartorial, behind medial tibia boarder

164
Q

synarthrosis

A

immovable joint connected by fibrous connective tissue

sutures between skull bones

165
Q

amphiarthrosis

A

slightly movable joint

IVD, interosseous membranes

166
Q

diarthrosis

A

freely movable joints

all synovial joints

167
Q

what are the 3 types of fibrous joints

A

sutures
syndesmosis
gomphosis

168
Q

suture

A

synarthrosis- immovable interdigitated or line

in skull

169
Q

syndesmosis

A

amphiarthrosis- slightly movable

interosseous membranes

170
Q

gomphosis

A

tooth anchored by periodontal ligament

slightly movable

171
Q

what are the types of cartilaginous joints

A

symphysis
synchondrosis
synovial joint

172
Q

symphysis

A

connected by fibrocarilage
strong
slightly movable
pubic symphysis

173
Q

synchondrosis

A

held together by hyalin cartilage
immovile
growth plates
spheno-occipital joint in infants- midline of cranial base

174
Q

synovial joint

A 
diarthrosis
freely movalble
hyaline cartilage
fibrous capsule
rich nerve and blood supply
175
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joint and where are they

A 
hinge- elbow
gliding- intercarpal, acromioclavicular
pivot- atlanto-axial
condyloid- radiocarpal, MCP, PIP, DIP
saddle- carpometacarpal o fthumb
ball and socket- shoulder
176
Q

what is the ACL connected to

A

medial meniscus

177
Q

what is the PCL connected to

A

NOT the lateral meniscus

178
Q

what is the function of the ACL?

A

tibial forward movement
femur backward movemnt
medial rotation fo femur with planted foot

179
Q

anterior drawer test

A

pull tibia forward to see if ACL is torn

180
Q

lachman’s test

A

wiggle knee–excessive motion means ACL is torn

181
Q

PCL prevents

A

tibia moving back

femur moving foward

182
Q

what is a popliteal cyst

A

extension of synovial fluid outside the joint

not symptomatic unless it is pressing on a nerve

183
Q

what is a bursae

A

pouch of synovial fluid between bone and bone, tendon, ligament, or skin to reduce friction

184
Q

what is a tendon sheath

A

long pouches that surround tendons to reduce friction

185
Q

hilton’s law

A

nerve innervating the joint also supplies the muscles moving it and the skin around it

186
Q

arthritis

A

general term for joint degradation causing pain and inflammation

187
Q

osteoarthritis

A

irreversible damage to articular cartilage of weight bearing joints- usually in older people

188
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic inflmmatory condition affecting many joints and blood, heart, and lungs

HS Exam 1 (8 decks)

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