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MD1 > Histology And Pathology > Flashcards

Histology And Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maximum resolving power of an electron microscope?

A

0.2 nanometers

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2
Q

True or false: all cancers are diagnosed histologically.

A

True

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3
Q

What is involved in tissue preparation for histological examination?

A

Sections need to be fixed, cut, embedded and stained to be viewed under the microscope.

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4
Q

What is avoided by ‘fixing’ tissues? (Fixing structures in place via cross-linking)

A

Stops tissues from breaking down as when they are removed from the body they are no longer supplied with blood or nutrients.

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5
Q

What is the most common fixative and what properties does it have?

A

Formalin - a powerful antibacterial that can harden tissue.

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6
Q

What is the role of paraffin and how is it applied to tissue?

A

Paraffin stiffens tissues to make them easier to cut. It is not soluble in water and therefore needs to water to be removed by alcohol.

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7
Q

What does haematoxylin bind to and what colour does it dye those components?

A

Binds to acidic or anionic (negatively charged) molecules and dyes them blue ie. Nuclei and some acid microns and proteoglycans.

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8
Q

What does eosin dye and what colour is it?

A

Eosin binds to cationic components such as positively charged amino groups of proteins. Dyes them pink.

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9
Q

What type of tissue would stain with both H and E stains (amphophilic)?

A

The cytoplasm of cells abundant with RER

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10
Q

What do inmunohistochemistry stains target?

A

Antibodies- using specifically targeted antigens.

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11
Q

What are the four basic tissue types?

A

Connective tissue, epithelium, muscle and neural tissue.

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12
Q

Name 6 types of specialised connective tissue.

A

Cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood, haemopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue.

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13
Q

Approximately how much blood does a 70kg person have in their body?

A

5 litres.

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14
Q

Name 5 components of plasma.

A

Water, protein, salts, lipids, sugar.

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15
Q

What are the three main types of protein in plasma?

A

Proteins involved in coagulation, albumin, and globulins

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16
Q

Are neutrophils normally found in healthy tissue?

A

No.

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17
Q

Do mature RBCs have a nucleus or organelles?

A

No.

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18
Q

What is the life span of a RBC?

A

120 days in blood.

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19
Q

What are reticulocytes?

A

The form in which RBCs are released into the blood.

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20
Q

When would there be increased number of reticulocytes in blood?

A

Following haemorrhage or haemolysis.

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21
Q

What is the name of an immature nucleated RBC?

A

Normoblast

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22
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

8-10 days.

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23
Q

Name three types of granulocytes.

A

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils.

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24
Q

What reactions are eosinophils involved in?

A

Allergic and parasitic.

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25
Q

Where are eosinophils usually found?

A

In the GIT

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26
Q

What disease are basophils important in?

A

Asthma

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27
Q

What do basophilic granules contain?

A

Histamine.

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28
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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29
Q

In newborns- all bone marrow is red. Where can red bone marrow be found in adults?

A

Only the axial skeleton and proximal femurs.

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30
Q

Where does fetal haemopoeisis mainly occur?

A

In the liver.

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31
Q

What is the maximal resolving power of a light microscope?

A

0.2 micrometers

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32
Q

Where is epithelia found?

A

Lining surfaces or as the main cell type of an organ.

Eg. Liver, thyroid, pancreas.

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33
Q

Where do the most common cancers arise?

A

In epithelia; breast, prostate, colon, lung, skin.

34
Q

What must everything that enters or leaves the body pass through?

A

Epithelium

35
Q

Name 5 examples of surface epithelium

A

Skin, GIT, respiratory system, kidney, reproductive tract.

36
Q

Name 5 functions of epithelia.

A

Protection, selective diffusion, absorption, secretion, receptors

37
Q

Name four characteristics of epithelial cells.

A

Exhibit polarity, connected by cell junctions, supported by a basement membrane, avascular

38
Q

How does epithelium obtain oxygen and nutrients?

A

Through diffusion from capillaries through BM/connective tissue

39
Q

When naming stratified epithelia, the shape of what layer of cells is important?

A

The topmost layer.

40
Q

Name 3 characteristics of simple squamous epithelia.

A

Widely spread cells, flat, nucleus is flat.

41
Q

What is the main function of simple squamous epithelia and what feature allows this function to occur?

A

Allows easy diffusion as the cells are flat.

42
Q

Give four examples of simple squamous epithelia?

A

Mesothelium, endothelium, lining of alveoli, glomeruli.

43
Q

Name the main function of simple cuboidal epithelia?

A

Secretory (easy for substances to move across).

44
Q

Give 2 examples of simple cuboidal epithelia

A

Renal tubule, thyroid follicles

45
Q

Describe simple columnar epithelia and their functions.

A

Simple columnar cells are taller than they are wide with the nucleus at the base taking up 1/4-1/3 of the cell.
They form a barrier and can have absorptive or secretory functions.

46
Q

Give 5 examples of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelia.

A

Stomach, small and large intestines, gall bladder and bile ducts, endocervix

47
Q

Name 2 examples of ciliated simple columnar epithelia.

A

Fallopian tubes, bronchioles.

48
Q

What differentiates pseudostratified columnar epithelium from stratified?

A

All cells have their base on the basement membrane, even though it may not look like it.

49
Q

Give an example of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

Respiratory tract.

50
Q

Give 2 examples of pseudostratified non-ciliated columnar epithelia.

A

Epididymis and vas deferens.

51
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous epithelia and why?

A

Found in skin, mouth, anus, vagina, oesophagus where there may be mechanical trauma. This epithelium is very tough.
Keratinising in skin.

52
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal epithelia? (2)

A

Ducts- eg. Pancreas and salivary glands.

53
Q

Name 3 contractile epithelia and why they have that property.

A

Surface columnar layer of epithelium overlying myoepithelial layer results in contraction.
Eg. In breast, sweat glands, salivary glands.

54
Q

Describe the epithelium of the prostate.

A

Surface columnar layer overlying a basal layer.

55
Q

Describe the epithelia at the renal pelvis, ureters and bladder.

A

Epithelia needs to expand here so surface cells are taller.

56
Q

Can you see individual microvilli in light microscopy?

A

No. Just a brush border.

57
Q

By what factor do microvilli increase surface area?

A

20

58
Q

What is the core of cilia made from and where does it attach.

A

Pairs of microtubules.

Attach to basal body structure.

59
Q

What kind of intercellular junctions do you see between epithelial cells?

A

Often all three: Zonula occludens (tight junctions) Zonula adherens, Macula adherens (desmosomes)

60
Q

What do right junctions do?

A

Seal intercellular spaces to block passage of substances between cells.
Links cytoskeletons of two cells via actin and the claudins and occludins proteins.

61
Q

What type of junctions are important in the blood-brain barrier?

A

Tight junctions.

62
Q

What is a hemidesmosome?

A

A modified desmosome that links epithelial cells to the underlying basement membrane.

63
Q

What are adherens junctions?

A

Adhering junctions and desmosome a are mechanically strong attachments between cells that link cytoskeletons.

64
Q

What are cadherins? What do they bind to?

A

Transmembrane proteins- bind to cadherins on other cells.

65
Q

Do desmosome a limit what is passed through?

A

No.

66
Q

What is a glycoprotein component of connective tissue?

A

Laminins

67
Q

What are integrins? What do the bind to?

A

Integrins link to the basement membrane and often link to Laminins.

68
Q

What important molecules for adhering cells together can be manipulate by metastasising cancer cells?

A

Cadherins/catenins

69
Q

What is an important protein in gap junctions?

A

Connexin

70
Q

What is the role of gap junctions?

A

Involved in communication eg. Present in cardiac muscle for spread of action potential and contraction.

71
Q

What junctions are cadherins involved in?

A

Adherens junctions.

72
Q

What transmembrane Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM) is involved in cell-ECM interaction.

A

Integrins.

73
Q

What transmembrane CAMS allow white blood cells to move into tissue?

A

Selectins

74
Q

Do epithelial cells make components of BM?

A

Yes. Even components usually made by fibroblasts.

75
Q

What proteins are involved in linking integrins of epithelial cells to ECM?

A

Laminins and fibronectin.

76
Q

What are the 3 main components of the ECM component of basement membrane?

A

Collagen IV, heparan sulphate, structural glycoproteins.

77
Q

What type of collagen is involved in attachment if BM to underlying connective tissue.

A

Collagen VII

78
Q

What are myocytes, adipocytes and Schwann cells surrounded by that is similar to a basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina

79
Q

Name the 4 functions of BM.

A

Structural support, controls epithelial growth, links epithelium to underlying tissue, selective barrier to nutrients.

80
Q

Intima is the lining of blood vessels. What is it called in the heart?

A

Endocardium.

MD1 (4 decks)

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