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exam > Histology and Cytology > Flashcards

Histology and Cytology Flashcards

1
Q

what is histology

A

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues.

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2
Q

what is cytology

A

the study of cells

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3
Q

what is fixation

A

fixation is the first step in tissue processing
the specimen is often recieved in fixation
10-20 times fixative to tissue ratio
refrigerate at 4 degrees until sliced

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4
Q

Advantages and Disadvantages of formalin

A

left in there for a long time without damage - but irritating vapor which burns eyes and damages mucus membranes

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5
Q

what is grossing

A

the speicmnet is examined in thin 3-5 mm slices and placed in the tissue cassetee

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6
Q

what is decalcification

A

tissue containing calium salts is calcified and is difficult to cut - using a decalcifying adject like formic acid ROD Edta and Van Ebners Fluid

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7
Q

what us dehydration

A

the controlled removal of water using ethonal - decending to ascending grades of alcohool

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8
Q

what is clearing

A

the removal of the dehydration agent and replacing it with a reagent which is a solvent of paraffin wax

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9
Q

what is wax impregnation or infiltration

A

the clearing agent in the tissue is replaced with molten parafinnin wax

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10
Q

what is embedding

A

the embedding center has a hot portion to hold the tissue cassettes

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11
Q

what is a microtomy

A

tissue place placed in a microtome and sectioned to 3-5 mm 40-45 degree water bath and then placed onto a labeled glass slide- the slide is dried to prevent section from falling off and is now ready for staining

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12
Q

Hematoxylin stains nuclei

A

blue/purple

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13
Q

Eosin stains cytoplasm:

A

pink

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14
Q

Tissue components stain:

A

pink/red

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15
Q

why cover slipping is important

A

to protect and preserve the stained tissue section and to allow it to be viewed under a microscope

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16
Q

10% formalin = how much formaldehyde

A

3.7-4 %

17
Q

what is progressive vs Regressive stains

A

pro- occurs when the hematoxylin is added to the tissue without being followed by a differentiator to remove excess dye
reg- the tissue is deliberately overstained and then destained until proper endpoint

18
Q

Equipment temp

A

paraffin 2-4 degrees above the melting point
flotation bath 5 degrees below the melting point
drying over 62 degrees for proper adherence and deparaffinization of tissue processes

19
Q

what is a direct stain vs indirect stain

A

direct - cells can be stained or dyed
indirect - procedure colours background and cells colourless

20
Q

What is Ripening

A

the oxidation product of hematoxylin is hematein

21
Q

examples of modants

A

salts of aluminum
iron
tungsten
occasionally lead

22
Q

what is a simple fixative

A

fixatievs that can be used alone

23
Q

what is a compound fixation

A

combantion of fixtives

24
Q

what are chelating agents

A

organic compounds that bind certain metals

25
Q

CSF tubes order for tests

A

tube 1 non routine studies
2 - immunology and chemistry
3 microbiology

26
Q

define core biopsy

A

the removal of a tissue sample with a wide needle for examination under microscope

27
Q

Define fine needle aspirations

A

a procedure in which a thin needle is used to draw cells or fluid from a lump or mass under the skin

28
Q

what is an ice slurry

A

a crystallized water-based ice solution that can be pumped and provides a secondary colling medium for cold thermal energy storage.

29
Q

what is aspiration

A

when something you shallow goes down the ‘wrong’ pipe

30
Q

Define Ascites

A

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity causing swelling

31
Q

what is Autolysis

A

the destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes

32
Q

what is putrefaction

A

thew process of decay or rotting in the body or other organic matter

exam (8 decks)

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