Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

exam > Body Organs > Flashcards

Body Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the vital organs?

A

heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the brain do?

A

It is the control center. It forms the core of the central nervous system by creating, sending, and processing nerve impulses thoughts emotions and more

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 parts that make up the brain?

A

the cerebrum - the cerebellum - and the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the major areas of the Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

The medulla -the pons - the spinal cord- the parietal lobe - the frontal lobe - the occipital lobe - the temporal lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the “medulla” do?

A

Lowest part of the brain stem. It hel[s control heart and lung function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do the “pons” do?

A

Located above the brainstem. Helps control eye and facial movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the “spinal cord” do

A

Extended from the base of the brain and down the center of the back. It helps with automatic functions, such as reflexes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

In the middle of the brain. Supports the identification of objects and spatial reasoning. Plays a role in interpreting touch and pain signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

located at the front of the head. It plays a role in many conscious functions, including personality and movement. Also interpret smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the “occipital Lobe’ do?

A

Near the back of the head. and interprets vision signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the temporal lobe do and where is it located?

A

either side of the brain. Play a role in several things - speech, scent recognition, and short-term memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the hearts function?

A

helps deliver blood to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The heart valves are:

A

tricuspid - pulmonary - mitral - aortic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the lungs functions?

A

work with the heart to oxygenate blood - help the body take in air, filter it, and then oxygenate the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the parts of the lungs?

A

left and right bronchi m- alveoli - blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Releases bile into the gallbladder. Helps convert nutrients into useable substances, detoxifies certain substances, and filters blood coming from the digestive tract through a vein before it joins venous blood flow from other parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the kidneys?

A

They help filter blood and remove waste from the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the ‘gallbladder’

A

an organ that contains cholesterol, bile salts, bile, and bilirubin. It receives bile from the liver, stores it, and then sends it down to the common bile duct into the small intestine to aid digestion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the “pancreas” and its purpose

A

Functions both as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland - produces enzymes a person needs to help digest their food and convert it into energy. - it also produces and releases insulin which helps the body removes glucose from the blood and convert it into energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an endocrine and exocrine gland? The difference

A

The key difference between the two types is that, whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface, endocrine glands secrete products directly into the bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the parts of the intestines and the purpose of them?

A

help filter out waste, absorb water and certain electrolytes, and digest food. 3 parts are the 1st part duodenum, the 2nd the jejunum, and 3rd the ileum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

The brain and spinal cord are from the central nervous system - which works to process and send nerve signals, interpret information and produce conscious thought.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Central Nervous System VS Peripheral Nervous System?

A

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is “the integumentary system”?

A

Hair, nails, skin, fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the “epidermis”?

A

Outer layer of the skin - made up of squamous cells - then under that basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

middle layer of the skin - located under epidermis - contains blood vessals lymph vessels, hair, sweat glands, nerves etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the subcutaneous fat layer?

A

the deepest layer of the skin. It helps keep the body warm and reduces the risk of injury by absorbing heavy blows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Anatomy of the skin ( what are the 5 layers )

A

stratum basale.
stratum spinosum.
stratum granulosum.
stratum lucidum.
stratum corneum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do “melanocytes” do?

A

produce melanin, which is skin pigment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of the skeletal muscle

A

The main functions of skeletal muscle are to contract to produce movement, sustain body posture and position, maintain body temperature, store nutrients, and stabilize joints.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of the cardiac muscles?

A

helps the heart pump blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of smooth muscle?

A

smooth muscle is used in vessels to maintain blood pressure and flow;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the function of your immune system?

A

helps the body prevent infections and fights them off when they do occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the function of the circulatory system?

A

Circulate the bloo throughtout the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system?

A

It helps maintain the body’s balance of fluids by collecting excess fluid and other particles from the blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the muscular system?

A

muscles are responsible for body movement, stabilizing joints, producing heat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Skeletal Muscles are made up of

A

skeletal muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Define “fascicles”

A

they are connected or bound with other fascicles by an even tougher over coat of connective tissue ‘epimysium’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Tendons function

A

providing durability and conserving space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are cardiac muscle fibers

A

branching cells joined by special gap called “intercalated discs”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Skeletal Muscle functions

A

maintain posture - stabilzes joints - generate heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define Sarcdemma

A

specilized cell membrane which surrounds striated muscle fiber cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Define Myofibers and the types

A

alternating light and dark giving a striated appearance - myofibrils are actually chains of tiny contra ule units called sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Myofilaments

A

a filament within a myofibril constructed by proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Thick filaments

A

myosin heads form cross bridges and link think and think filaments together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Define Neurotransmitter

A

chemical released by nerons that may, upon binding to receptors of nerons or effector cells, stimulate or inhit them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

3 pathways to regenerate ATP

A

1 direct phosphorylation of ATP by creatine phosphate 2 aerobic pathway and 3 anerobic glycolysis and latic acid formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Define Oxygen deficit

A

volume of oxygen required after excerise to oxidize the lactic acid formed during excersise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Define Isotonic Contractions

A

refers to “same tone” the muscle shorten as it contracts and movement occers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Define Isometric contractions

A

Refers to “same length” the muscle generates tension but doesnt short and no movement occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Defne Atrophy

A

a reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disaster or lack of use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Define “Origin”

A

muscle attachment that is not moveable or less moveable than insertion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Define “Insertion”

A

Moveable attachment of muscle as opposed to its orgins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Flexion vs Extension vs Hyperextension

A

flexion is opposite of extension and vise versa hyper is over bending the arm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Define Rotation

A

Movement of a bone around the longitudinal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Define Abduction

A

is moving a limb away from the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Define Adduction

A

Is moving a limb towards the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Define Circumduction

A

ball and socket joints (shoulder) - a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Define “dorsiflexion and planter flexion”

A

up and down movements of foot at the ankle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Define Inversion and eversion

A

Inver - turn foot sole medially
Evert- turn foot sole laterlly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Define Superination and Pronation

A

turning backward - super
turning foreward - pro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Define Prime Mover

A

the muscle that does the majority of moving of a muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Antagonist

A

Muscles that oppose or reverse a movement of the prime mover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Define Synergist

A

helps the prime mover by producing the same movements or by reducing undesirable movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Define Fixators

A

specialized synergists hold the bone still or stabilize the origin or a prime mover so all the tension can be used to move insertion bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The seven critera used to name muscles

A

1- direction
2- size
3- location
4-number of origins
5- shape
6-action of muscles
7-location of origin and insertions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Arrangments of fasicles

A

circular
convergent
fusion
parallel
multipennate
bipennate
unipennate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What is the fontalis

A

the soft spot on a babies head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is the orbicularis oculi

A

a muscle located in the eyelid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what is the buccinator?

A

a bilateral square-shaped muscle constituting the mobile and adaptable cheek area.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the zygomatimus?

A

muscle extending from the corner of the mouth to the cheekbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

what is the masseter?

A

one of the four muscles responsible for the action of mastication (chewing).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

what is the temporalis?

A

a thin, fan-shaped muscle situated within the temporal fossa of the skull.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the Platysma?

A

single muscle that covers the anterolateral neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid?

A

both sides of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What are trunk muscles?

A

muscles that move the vertical column
anterior thorax muscle moves ribs head and arms
muscles on abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are anterior muscles

A

muscles crossing shoulder joint causing movement and muscles of the abdominal wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Where is Pectoralis Major?

A

covering upper part of chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Where are intercostal muscles

A

covering the upper part of the chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What are the muscles of the abdominal girdle?

A

they reinforce the body’s trunk
pyramidalis, rectus abdominus, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is the trapezius?

A

the muscle that extends the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Where is the Latissimus Dorsi

A

covers the lower back - extends and adducts the humerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Where is the Erector spinea

A

deep back muscles - act as a powerful back extension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Where is the Quadratus Lumborum?

A

the muscle that forms part of the posterior abdominal wall - flexes the spine laterally and extends the lumber spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Where is the Deltoid?

A

it forms rounded shape of the shoulders and is a prime mover of arm abduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Where is Biceps Branchii and what does it do?

A

orginates by 2 heads from the shoulder girlde and inserts into the radial tuberosity -it is a powerful prime mover of flexion and acts to turn or hold the foreman and lift radius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Where is the brachialis? What does it do?

A

lies deep to the bisceps - prime mover of the elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Where is the brachioradialis

A

inserts into distal forearm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Where is Triceps Branchii and what does it do?

A

3 heads arise to form shoulder girdles and proximal humerus - inserts into olecranon process of ulna - powerful prime mover of elbow extension - antagonist of biceps and brachialis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Where is Gluteus Maximus and what does it do?

A

forms most of the flesh of the butt - a powerful hip extensor that acts to bring the thigh in a straight line with the pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is the importance of Gluteus Medius?

A

abductor and is important in steadying the pelvis during walking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What is the hamstring?

A

forming mass of posterior thigh

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Define Muscular Dystrophy.

A

A group of inherited muscle-destroying cells that affect specific muscle groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the Autonomic System?

A

regulates events that are automatic or involuntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Astocytes

A

are most abdundant and versatile neuroglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Microglical Cells

A

are phaocytes that defend CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Ependymel Cells

A

line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

have processes that form myeline sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Staillette Cells and Schwann Cells

A

which form around neuron in PNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Define Dentrites

A

branching extensions of neurons that carry electrical signals to the cell body, the receptive portion of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Define Axon

A

Neuron process that carries impulses away from the cell nerve body
the effector process, the conducting portion of a nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Define Axon Terminals

A

ONe of multiple ends of axons that branch from the motor neuron axon - intracts with the sarcollema of different muscle cells to form neruomusclar junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Define Axon Hillock

A

Lonelike region of cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Define Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical released by neurons that may upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Define Synaptic Cleft

A

fluid filled gap at a synapse between neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Define Synapse

A

the region of communications between neurons or a neuromuscular neuron or a neuromuscular junction between neuron and muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Define Myelin Sheaths

A

tight protective level tight coil wrapped memebrance in CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Define Schwann Cells

A

same as myelin sheets but in PNS not CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Define Rodes of Ranvier

A

a gap in the myelin sheath of nerve, between adjacent schwamm cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Define Ganglia

A

sall collection of cell bodies found outside of NErvous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

White Matter VS Grey Matter

A

The gray area of cns contains UN-myelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodys AND the white substance of CNS the myelinated nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Define Sensory Neurons

A

neurons in the nervous system that convert a specific type of stimulus via their receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Define Receptors

A

Periphal Nerve ending specilized for response to a particular type of stimulli AND a molecule that binds speciffically with other molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Define Proprioceptar

A

a receptor located in a muscle or tendon, concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Define Motor Neurons

A

Neurons carrying impulses from CNS to the viscera and/or muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Define Interneurons

A

completes the pathway between afferent and efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Define Multipolar Neurons

A

Structural class of neurons with more than 2 processes extending from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Define Bipolar

A

Neurons with 2 processes 1 axon and 1 dentrite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Define Unipolar

A

Structural class with one process extending from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Define Irritability

A

the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert into a nerve impulse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Define Conductivity

A

The ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles and glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Define Polarized

A

plasma membrane or a resting or inactive neuron - meaning fewer positive ions sitting on the inner face or neurons plasma membrance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Define Depolarized

A

the loss of a state of polarity, the loss of negative charge inside the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Define Graded potential

A

A local change in membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus declines with distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

Define Action Potential

A

an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse the polarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Define Nerve Impulse

A

A self-propagating wave of depolarization also called ACTION POTENTIAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

Define Repolarized

A

restoration of the membrane potentail

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

Define Reflexes

A

rapid predictable and involuntary response to stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

Define Reflex Arc

A

involved in CNS and PNS - reflexes occur over neural pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

Define Autonomic Reflexes

A

regulate the activity of smooth muscle - secretes siliva - squint eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

Define Somatic Reflexes

A

Includes all refluxes that simulate the muscular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
132
Q

Define Flexor/Withdrawl Reflex

A

is the 3 neuron reflex arc in which the limb is withdrawn from painful stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

What is the Pyramidal tracts

A

major motor pathways concerned with coluntary movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

Define Diencephalon

A

part of the forebrain between the cerebral hemispheres and the mid brain including the thalamus, 3rd ventricules and hypothalamas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

Define Thalamus

A

a mass of gray matter in diencephalon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

Define Hypothalamus

A

the region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

What is the Pituitary Gland?

A

hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus by a slender stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

Define Mammillary bodies

A

reflex centers involved in smell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
139
Q

Define Epithalamus

A

roof of the third ventricle, composed of the pineal gland and the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

Define Choroid plexus

A

structure in each of the 4 brain ventricles that produce CSF fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

Define Mid Brain

A

part of the brain stem containing reflex centers for vision hearing and fiber tracts that convey both ascending and descending impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
142
Q

Define Medulla Oblongata

A

most inferior part of the brainstem involved in visceral control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

Define Reticular Formation

A

extending the entire length of the brain stem is diffuse of grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

Define Meninges

A

the membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

145
Q

Define Dura Matter

A

the outer most toughest of 3 membranes (meninges) covering the spinal cord and brain

146
Q

Define Arachnoid Mater

A

middle layer of the meninges has weblike extensions attach to the inner layer the “pia matter”

147
Q

Define Pia Mater

A

innermost meningeal layer clings to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

148
Q

Define Arachnoid Granulation

A

special projections of the arachnoid matter that protrude through dura mater site of cerebrail fluid absorption into the dural venous sinuses

149
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

a watery broth with components similar to blood plasma

150
Q

Define Ventricles

A

discharging chambers of the heart - cavities within the brain

151
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

build-up of cerebral fluid in the brain

152
Q

What are blood brain barriers

A

how neurons are kept separated from blood barrier

153
Q

Concussion vs Contusion

A

Slightly injured vs marked tissue destruction

154
Q

What is a spinal cord?

A

the part of the CNS that provides a 2 way conduction system to and from brain - major reflex center

155
Q

Define Dorsal Root

A

the root at which sensory neurons enter the spinal cord

156
Q

Define Ventral Root

A

the root at which motor neurons of the somatic nervous system exit the spinal cord

157
Q

Define Endoneurium

A

a delicate connective tissue sheath surrounding each fiber in nerve

158
Q

Define Perineurium

A

coarse connective tissue wrapping that binds groups of fibers in a nerve, forming fascicles or fiber bundles

159
Q

Define Fascicles

A

bundles of nerve fibers or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue

160
Q

Define Epineurium

A

a tough sheath of fibrous sheath that binds together the fascicles ina nerve

161
Q

What do Sensory Nerves do

A

nerves that carry impulses only TO the CNS

162
Q

Function of motor nerves

A

carry only motor nerves

163
Q

Define Mixed Nerves

A

their impulse travels to and from CNS

164
Q

What are Cranil Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves that arise from the brain

165
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of nerves that originate from spinal cord
formed when the dorsal and ventral root merge

166
Q

Define Dorsal Ramus

A

branch of spianl nerves that serves the skin an dmuscles of posterior trunk

167
Q

Define Ventral Ramus

A

branches of spinal nerves that serves the anterior and lateral trunk

168
Q

What is a growth hormone

A

helps with protein and fat metabolism

169
Q

What is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

A

Stimulates thyroid gland

170
Q

What is the Adrenpcorticotropic hormone

A

stimulates adrenal cortex to produce its hormones

171
Q

What is prolactin

A

in women helps make milk

172
Q

What is lutenizing Hormone

A

stimulates tests and ovarys to produce hormones

173
Q

What is the function of blood

A

to transport substances such as oxygen and nutrients throughtout the body and participates in processing such clotting and fighting infection

174
Q

How is blood transported

A

blood is moved throughtout blood vessals by the pumping action of the heart

175
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

% of RBC to total blood volume

176
Q

What is Albumin

A

a protein found in virtualy all animals - the most abundant plasma protein

177
Q

What is Hemagoblin

A

an iron bearing protein, transports most of the oxygen that is carried in the blood

178
Q

What is Anemia

A

reduced oxygen - carrying capcities of the blood caused by a decreased # of RBC or decreased % of hemoglobin in the blood

179
Q

What is Polycythemia

A

an excessive or abnormal increase in the # of RBC

180
Q

What is Diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through intact vessal walls into the tissue

181
Q

Agranulocytes VS Granulocytes?

A

The granulocytes originate from the bone marrow while agranulocytes originate from the lymph nodes.

182
Q

What are Neutrophils

A

avid phagocytes at sites of a cute infection

183
Q

What are Eosinophils

A

when they encounter a parasitic worm, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasites surface digesting it away

184
Q

What are Basophils

A

they produce histamine which is an inflammatory, chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCc to the inflamed site

185
Q

What are lymphocytes

A

they play an important role in immune response

186
Q

What are monocytes

A

turn into macrophages

187
Q

what are macrophages

A

important role in fighting chronic infection

188
Q

What are platelets

A

one of the irregular cell fragments of blood involved in clotting

189
Q

what are megakaryocytes

A

produce platelets

190
Q

what is hematopolesis

A

formation of blood cells

191
Q

what are hemacytoblasts

A

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

192
Q

what is erythropoietin

A

hormone that stimulates RBC production; secreted by the kidneys

193
Q

What is hemostasis

A

the stoppage of blood
1 vascular spasms occur
2 platelet plug forms
3 coagulation event occurs

194
Q

define embolus

A

free floating cloat in an unknown vessel

195
Q

Define thrombocytopenia

A

insufficent number of platlets circulating blood

196
Q

Define Hemophilia

A

applys to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting

197
Q

Define Antigen

A

A substance that the body regonzies as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to mount a defense against it

198
Q

What is Hemolysis

A

rupture of RBC

199
Q

Organs of the respiratory system

A

nose
pharynx (throat)
larynx (voice box)
trachea
bronchi
lungs - alveoli

200
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A

gas exchange between the blood and the external environment

201
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

cavities within the bones surrounding the nasel cavity are called sinuses

202
Q

What are the three parts of the Pharynx (throat)

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

203
Q

What are the tonsils of the pharynx

A

Pharyngeal
Palatine
Lingual

204
Q

What is the thyroid cartilage

A

adams apple

205
Q

What is the Epiglottis

A

it protects the superior opening of the larynx and routes food to the esophagus and air towards the trachea

206
Q

What is the Glottis

A

opening between vocal cords

207
Q

What are the two coverings of the lungs

A

Pulmonary Pleura
Parietal Pleura

208
Q

What is Pulmonary Ventilation

A

moving air in and out of the lungs

209
Q

What is external respiration

A

gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli

210
Q

What is respitory gas transport

A

transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the blood stream

211
Q

What is Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillarys

212
Q

What is pulmonary Ventilation

A

completely mechanical process that depends on volume changes in the thoracic cavity

213
Q

what is IRV = inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that can be taken in forcible over the tidal volume

214
Q

what is ERV = expiratory reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be forcible exhaled

215
Q

Define Residual Volume

A

air remaining in the lungs after exhale

216
Q

Define Vital Capacity

A

the total amount of exchangeable air - air that remains in the conducting zone and never reacts the alveoli

217
Q

Define Funcitional Volume

A

air that actually reaches the respiratory zone

218
Q

Hyperventilation

A

results from increased CO2 in the blood- breathing becomes deeper and more rapid

219
Q

Hypoventilation

A

results when the blood becomes alkaline - extremely slow and shallow breathing

220
Q

What are Gastric Glands

A

situated in gastric pits and secreate gastric juice

221
Q

What are Cheif Cells

A

produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

222
Q

What are Parietal Cells

A

they produce hydrochloric acid

223
Q

Define Enterendocrine Cells

A

Produce gastrin

224
Q

3 parts of salvia glands

A

parotoid glands
submandibular glands
sublingual glands

225
Q

What is propulsion

A

moving food from one region of the digestive system to another

226
Q

What is Peristalis

A

alternating waves of contractions and relations that squeezes food along the GI tract

227
Q

What is segmentation

A

moving materials back and forth to aid in moving the small intestine

228
Q

What is Degulutition

A

swallowing

229
Q

what is metabolism

A

chemical reactions neccesary to maintiain life

230
Q

what is catabolism

A

substances broken down to simpler substances - energy is released

231
Q

what is a carbohydrate metabolism

A

carbs used as the bodys preferred source to produce cellular energy

232
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

oxygen using events that take place within a cell to create ATP from ADP

233
Q

What is Glycolysis

A

energizes a glucose molecule so it can be split into 2 pyrucix acid molecules and yeild ATP

234
Q

What is Krebs Cycle

A

produces virtually all the carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration

235
Q

What is the Electron transport chain

A

hydrogen atoms removed during gylcoysis and the krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers

236
Q

Define Hyperglycemia and Hypoglycemia

A

excessively high levels of glucose in the blood and excessively low levels of glucose in the blood

237
Q

What are the roles of the liver in metabolism

A

manufacturers bile
detoxifies drugs from alcohol
degrades hormones
produces cholesterol, blood proteins
plays a role in metabolism

238
Q

what is a membrane

A

outside protective layer of a cell

239
Q

what is a nucleolus

A

the site of ribesome assembly and protein synthesis

240
Q

what is chromatin

A

cell not dividing hanging out all over throughtout the nucleous

241
Q

what are the three components of cytoplasm

A

cytosol
inclusion s
organelles

242
Q

what is cytosol in cytoplasm

A

fluid that suspends other fluid that suspends the other elements

243
Q

what are inclusions in the cytoplasm

A

chemical substances that may or may not be present - are stored nutrients and or cell products floating in the cytoplasm

244
Q

what are organelles in the cytoplasm in the nucleus

A

specialized cellular components
specialized to carry out many different function s- carry oxygen and synthesises protein

245
Q

What is ATP

A

provides the energy for cellular work and every living cell requires a constant supply

246
Q

What are Ribosomes

A

made of protein and a variery of RNA it is the site of protein syntheisis

247
Q

What is ER endoplasmic reticulum in the cytoplasm in the nucleus

A

it is a network within the cytoplasm - it is a system of fluid-filled tunnels that coil and twist through the cytoplasm serves as a mini circulatory system for the cell - providing a network of channels for carrying substances from one

248
Q

Smooth ER vs Rough ER

A

rough looks rough and has ribosome - a protein made on the ribosomes that move in rough tunnels toward smooth
smooth looks smooth and has no ribosome-smooth functions in lipid metabolism and detox

249
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus (in nucleus)

A

tiny sack of flattened membranes sacs that are associated with swarms of tiny vessels

250
Q

What are Lysomes

A

breakdown bodies

251
Q

What are Peroxisomes

A

Membrane sacs containing oxygen to detox a number of harmful/posionous substances

252
Q

What are Free Radicals

A

normal by product if accumulated can negatively effect cells

253
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton

A

acts as the cells “bones and muscles”

254
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

microfilaments
intermidiate filaments
microtublars

255
Q

What are centrioles?

A

organelle in the nucleus that lay at angles to each other

256
Q

What are Fibroblasts

A

cells that connect body parts

257
Q

What are epithelial cells

A

cells that line body organs

258
Q

What are skeletal Muscle cells

A

cells that move organs and body parts

259
Q

what are fat cells

A

cells that store nutrients

260
Q

what are nerve cells

A

gather info and controls body functions

261
Q

what cells connect body parts

A

fibroblasts and erthyrocyytes

262
Q

what cells line and cover the body

A

epithelial cells

263
Q

cells that move organs and body parts

A

skeletal - cardiac - mooth

264
Q

Cells that stores nutrients

A

fat cells

265
Q

cells that fight infection

A

wbc

266
Q

cells that gather info and control body function

A

nerve cells

267
Q

what is intracellular fluid

A

fluid that constantly baths the exterior of our cells

268
Q

What is Diffusion

A

high to low concentration to be let into the group through the membrane - down concentration gradient

269
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion

A

through a channel protein selected based on size and change OR via protein carriers specific 1 one substance

270
Q

Define Filtration

A

water and solutes forced through a membrane

271
Q

hyper/hypotonic/ isotonic soultions

A

hyper=cell burst more solutes
hypo=cell shrink less solutes
iso= perfect

272
Q

what is active transport

A

used ATP to energize its protein carriers called solute pumps

273
Q

Define Exocytosis and Endocytosis

A

out of the cell and into the cell

274
Q

what is the role of RNA

A

send messages

275
Q

what are the phases of protein syntheisis

A

transcriptions and translation

276
Q

what are goblet cells

A

lube cells

277
Q

what is a gland

A

one or more cells that make and secreate particular product

278
Q

What is extracellular matrix

A

ground subtane and fibers and cells and protein

279
Q

types of connective tissue

A

blood
cartilage
bones
dense connective tissue and loose

280
Q

what are reticular fibers

A

fine collagen fibers that form internal skeleton of soft organs

281
Q

define momomer

A

building block of fibers made of connective tissue

282
Q

what is areolar connective tissue

A

protects body organs
provides a reservoir for water and salts surrounding tissue

283
Q

what is Lamina Propria

A

soft layer of areolar that underlies all mucous membranes

284
Q

What is Adipose COnnective Tissue

A

fat

285
Q

What is Adipose tissue

A

forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
insulting the body and protecting organs
regulating heat

286
Q

What is Stroma

A

internal framework of an organ

287
Q

Solvent vs Solution

A

solvent - dissolving medium typically water
solutes - components in smaller quantities within a solution example salt

288
Q

what is simple diffusion

A

solutes are lipid soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores

289
Q

what is mitosis?

A

divition of the nuclous

290
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

291
Q

what are the stages of mitosis?

A

prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase - cytokinesis

292
Q

4 primary types of connective tissue

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nervous

293
Q

role of transfer RNA tRNA

A

transports appropraite amino acids to the ribosome for building protein

294
Q

what is Ribosomal RNA rRNA

A

helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built

295
Q

what is Messenger RNA role

A

carries the instructions for building a protein from the nuclous to the ribesome

296
Q

Define foraman

A

round or oval opening through a body

297
Q

define fossa

A

shallow baseline depression in bone often serving as a articular surface

298
Q

what is a comminuted fracture

A

bone brakes into many pieces

299
Q

what is a compression fracture

A

bone is crushed

300
Q

what is a depressed fracture

A

broken inside typically how skull fractures

301
Q

what is impacted fracture

A

bones are forced to crush eachother

302
Q

What is a spinal fracture

A

twisting of the bone

303
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone doesnt break fully - splintery wood like pieces

304
Q

How does a bone get repaired

A

1) hematoma is formed
2) break is filled by fibrocartilage
3)fibrocartilage replaced by bony callus
4) bone callus shaped to form permanent patch

305
Q

Axial VS Appandicular SKeleton

A

axial - bones along your middle axis
appendicular - sides limbs girdles and pelvic

306
Q

what is the hyoid bone

A

moveable base for your tongue

307
Q

what bones are in your upper limbs

A

shoulder blade
collar bone
humerous
radius
ulna

308
Q

bones of the lower limb

A

femur
tibia
fibia
talus
calcaneus
metatarsal
phalanges

309
Q

what is tendonitis

A

inflammation of tendon sheaths

310
Q

what is arthritis

A

inflammation or degenaertive diseases of joints

311
Q

what is bursitis

A

imflammation of bursa

312
Q

WHat is Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

autoimmune disease attacking the joints - leads to deformities

313
Q

what is Gouty Arthritis

A

inflammation of joints caused by s deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood - can usually control with diet

314
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

bone thinning disease that weakens bones

315
Q

What are the 3 types of bone cells

A

osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast

316
Q

what is muscular dystrophy

A

progressive weakening of the muscle mass (more fat less muscle)

317
Q

What is Muscular Atrophy

A

muscle wastes away due to lack of movement

318
Q

what do the sensory (afferent) division of the NErvous System do

A

carry info to CNS

319
Q

what do the motor (efferent) division of the Nervous system do

A

carries impulses away from CNS

320
Q

what are Astrocytes

A

a star shaped glical cell of the CNS - brace neurons - form barrier between capillaries and neruons - and control the chemical environment of the brain

321
Q

What is Neuroglia cells

A

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should.

322
Q

what is microglia cells

A

dispose of debris

323
Q

what are epiendymal cdells

A

lines the cavitys of the brain and spinal cord - circulate CSF

324
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

wrap around nerve fibers in the CNS - produce myelin sheaths (insulating layer)

325
Q

What are satellite cells

A

protect neurons cell bodies

326
Q

what are shwann cells

A

form myeline sheath in the PNS

327
Q

what are dentrites

A

conduct impluses towards the cell body

328
Q

what are axons

A

conduct impluses away from the body

329
Q

what are axonal terminals

A

they contain vessels with neurotransmitters

330
Q

what is synaptic cleft

A

gap between adjactent neurons

331
Q

what is synapse

A

junction between nerves

332
Q

what is node of ravier

A

gaps in myelin sheath along axon

333
Q

what is nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS

334
Q

what are interneruons

A

found in neural pathways in CNS connecting sensory and motor neurons

335
Q

what are multipolar bipolar and unipolar neurons

A

multi - many extensions from cell body
bipolar - one axon and one dentriate
unipolar- have a short single process leaving the cell bod y

336
Q

what are multipolar bipolar and unipolar neurons

A

multi - many extensions from cell body
bipolar - one axon and one dentriate
unipolar- have a short single process leaving the cell bod

337
Q

what is depolarization

A

astimulus depolarizes the neurons

338
Q

what is an action potential?

A

if the action potential ( nerve impulse) starts itis propagated over entire axon - impulses move faster when fibers have a myelin sheath

339
Q

what is Repolarization

A

pottasium ions rush out of neruon after sodium ions rush in, repolarizes mebrane

340
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

the direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron to an effector

341
Q

what are somatic reflexes

A

activation of skeletal muscles - voluntary

342
Q

what are automatic reflexes

A

smooth muscle regulation
heart and blood pressure regulation
regulation of glands
digestive system regualtion

343
Q

what is matter

A

stuff of the universe - anything you can touch see smell and takes up space

344
Q

what are the forms of matter

A

liquid solid gas

345
Q

what is chemical energy

A

is stored in bonds of chemical substances - when bonds break energy releases becoming kinetic energy

346
Q

what is electrical energy

A

results from movement of charged particles - generated when charged particles cross cell membrane

347
Q

what is mechanical energy

A

energy directly involved in moving matter

348
Q

radiant energy

A

travels in waves - light energy stimulates retinas in the eyes

349
Q

physical change vs chemical change of matter

A

physical is ice to water and chemical is grapes to wine - one alters the composition of the substance and the other does not alter the basic nature of a substance

350
Q

ATP

A

in the body as a chemical energy used for performing different functions

351
Q

electron
neutron
proton

A

neg
neutral
postive

352
Q

what are isotp[es

A

atoms of the same element with different atomic mass

353
Q

postive ion and negitive ion names

A

cations postive and anions negative

354
Q

Ionic VS covalent bonds

A

the complete transfer of an electron from 1 atom to another
and 2 non metals sharing electrons creats compound

355
Q

3 layers of the heart

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

356
Q

what are the chambers of the heart

A

4 chambers atria reciving chamber and ventricules discharging chamber

357
Q

what is AV node and SA node

A

The SA (sinoatrial) node generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract. The signal then passes through the AV (atrioventricular) node to the lower heart chambers (ventricles), causing them to contract, or pump. The SA node is considered the pacemaker of the heart.

358
Q

Systemic VS Pulomary Circulation

A

systemic- blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
pulmonary - blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart

359
Q

what are Purkinje fibers

A

spread within the ventricle wall muscles - specific heart muscle tissue responsible for the generation of heart impulses.

exam (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions