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exam > hematology immunology > Flashcards

hematology immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Malaria gets how many slides

A

1 thic and 1 thin

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2
Q

Hemaglobin

A

provides a direct indication of the oxygen transport capcity of the body

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3
Q

hematocrit

A

the percentage volume of blood that is composed of RBCs

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4
Q

CBC RBC indices

A

access RBC characrerisitics and are useful for/in the evaluation of anemias cancer and disorders

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5
Q

MCV

A

mean cell volume most useful RBC indiced RR 80-96 fL

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6
Q

MCH

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin - the average weight of hemoglobin in rbc RR 27-33pg

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7
Q

MCHC

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentrion the average amount of hemoglobin per volume of RBC

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8
Q

RDW

A

Red BLood DIstribution Width an indication of the variation of Red Cell Size (anisocytosis) RR 11.5-14.5%

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9
Q

QA and QC

A

quailty assurance and quailty control

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10
Q

Hemataposiesis

A

formation of new blood cells

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11
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

formation of RBC stimulated by erythropoietin

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12
Q

Anemia

A

reduction in red blood cells or ditruction of hemoglobin

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13
Q

WBC come from

A

lymphoid progenitor cells and myeloid progenitor cells

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14
Q

where are platelets produced

A

bone marrow

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15
Q

Hemostasis cascade steps

A

Constriction of the blood vessel.
Formation of a temporary “platelet plug.”
Activation of the coagulation cascade. 4) Formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot.

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16
Q

Intrinsic Pathway

A

stimulated by endothelium damage

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17
Q

Extrinis pathway

A

stimulated by external injury to blood vessels

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18
Q

what is the final common pathway

A

factor 10 - leads to conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and thrombin converts fibrinogen into the fibrin mesh

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19
Q

Arteries carry blood in what direction

A

away from the heart

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20
Q

veins carry blood in what direction

A

towards the heart

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21
Q

6 stages of development of an RBC

A

Rubriblast
Prorubricyte
Rubicyte
Metarubricytes
Reticulocyte
Mature Erythrocyte

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22
Q

Reference range RBC

A

m 4.5-5.9 x10^12/L
f 4.5-5.1 x 10^12/L

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23
Q

Hematocrit reference ranges

A

m 41.5-50.4%
f 35.9-44.6%

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24
Q

Hb Reference range

A

14.17.5 g/dL
12.3-15.3 g/dL

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25
Q

platelet reference range

A

150-450 x10^12/L

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26
Q

in circulating blood how many rbcs are normally reticulocytes

A

0.5-2.5% adults and 2.5-6.0 babys

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27
Q

What is Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

A

the rate they fall or seddle is your sedimentation rate and detecting inflamation

28
Q

what is ESR reference range

A

m 0 = 15 mm /hr
f 0 = 20 mm /hr

29
Q

what is anisocytosis

A

normal size cell

30
Q

what is microcytosis

A

small cell size

31
Q

what is macrocytosis

A

big cell size

32
Q

What is RPI

A

reticulocyte Production Index - can be applied to correct the reticulocyte count for abnormally early release of RBC from bone marrow into peripheral cells

33
Q

Rouleaux Formation

A

represents an abnormal distribution pattern of RBCs which stick together or become aligned in aggregates that look like stacks of coins

34
Q

Diapedesis

A

WBC migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter into tissue spaces

35
Q

T cells

A

responsible for celular immunity

36
Q

NK Cells

A

generalized defense cells

37
Q

What is primary hemostatis

A

the initial response of the body to vascular injury, and involves interaction between platelets, adhesive proteins located in the subendothelial matrix (including collagen and von Willebrand factor), and circulating fibrinogen.

38
Q

what is secondary hemostasis

A

Secondary hemostasis refers to the deposition of insoluble fibrin, which is generated by the proteolytic coagulation cascade. This insoluble fibrin forms a mesh that is incorporated into and around the platelet plug.

39
Q

what are the four stages of hemostasis

A

Constriction of the blood vessel.
Formation of a temporary “platelet plug.”
Activation of the coagulation cascade. 4) Formation of “fibrin plug” or the final clot

40
Q

Name 3 pathways of the coagulation cascade

A

common intrinsic and extrinsic

41
Q

what is fibrolysis

A

the enzymatic breakdown of fibrin in blood clots

42
Q

types of hemoglobin in adults

A

a a2 e f s c h m

43
Q

Extrinsic pathway is activated by

A

the extrinsic pathway is activated through tissue factor released by endothelial cells after external damage.

44
Q

the internal pathway is activated by

A

The intrinsic pathway is activated through exposed endothelial collage

45
Q

Mineral required for hemostasis

A

calcium ions

46
Q

Name three vascular disorders

A

atherosclerosis aneurysm and varicose veins

47
Q

three lymphatic disorders

A

lymphoma Hodgkins disease and splenomegaly

48
Q

what fixative is in wrights stain

A

methonal

49
Q

the westergreen method is used to determine

A

esr

50
Q

the basic dye in a romonowsky stain

A

methylene blue

51
Q

the cells which contribute the most to blood clotting are

A

platelets

52
Q

Intrincsic pathway factor numbers

A

12
11
9
7
to 10 common

53
Q

extrinsic pathway factor numbers

A

3
7
to 10 common

54
Q

Anticoagulant Ratio

A

1 blood : 9 anticoagulant

55
Q

Routine tests that mointer coagulation cascase

A

PT APTT/PTT
TT

56
Q

pt

A

prothrombin time used to evaluate the extrinsic pathway and common pathways of the coagulation cascade

57
Q

Aptt

A

used to evaluate the intrinsic and common pathways

58
Q

Thrombin Time

A

used to assess deficiencies or dysfunctions of fibrinogen
used to access for the presence of an inhibitions of thormbin

59
Q

Fibrinogen Assay Test s

A

assess fibrinogen activity

60
Q

Fibrinogen Calibration

A

the time take to clot is compared against a pre established calibration curve to generate a result in g/L

61
Q

D Dimer

A

one of the fibrin degradation products that result as from the breakdown of a clot by the action of plasmin

62
Q

PT reference range

A

10-13 seconds

63
Q

INR reference range

A

0.9-1.1 seconds

64
Q

Fibrinogen Reference range

A

1.5-4 g/L

65
Q

APTT Reference Range

A

25-40 seconds

66
Q

D Dimer reference range

A

under 3.0 mmol/L

67
Q

stains used for reticulocyte staining

A

supravital stain (methylene blue)

exam (8 decks)

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