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Anatomy > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

cells of neural tissue

A

neurons and neuroglia

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2
Q

neurons

A

basic working unit of the brain, a specialized cell designed to transmit information to other nerve cells, muscle, or gland cells

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3
Q

neuroglia

A

non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system that do not produce electrical impulses. They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons

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4
Q

neuroglia consist of

A

schwann cells satellite cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia cells ependymal cells

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5
Q

generate and conduct electrical impulses and action potential

A

neurons

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6
Q

morphological classification of neurons can be divided into

A

structurally functionally according to neurotransmitter it relays according to neurotransmitter released according to length of axon

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7
Q

structurally classification of neurons are

A

unipolar bipolar multipolar

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8
Q

has cell body with only one neuron

A
  • unipolar
  • very few in human body most that we call unipolar are actually pseudounipoalr neurons present in dorsal and sensory root ganglion similar ganglion preset in cranial nerve
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9
Q

have two processes that has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)

A
  • bipolar
  • present in retina cochlear sensory epithelium of ear and vestibular epithelium concerned with balance are unmyelinated and rare
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10
Q

neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites

A
  • multipolar
  • typical neuron located everywhere bc most neurons in cns are multipolar neurons of the autonomic nervous system, interneurons, pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, and Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
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11
Q

functional classification of neurons are

A

sensory neurons motor neurons and interneurons

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12
Q

neurons that bring information to cns

A

sensory neurons

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13
Q

neurons that bring information from cns to muscle and glands

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

communicate between sensory and motor neurons

A

interneurons

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15
Q

neuron most abundant in body is

A

interneurons 99.9% of total neuron number

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16
Q

classification according to length of neurons are

A

golgi type 2 neurons and golgi type 1 neurons

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17
Q

extremely small neurons are called

A

golgi type 2 neurons

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18
Q

long neurons are called

A

golgi type 1 neurons

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19
Q

axonal transport is inhibited by

A

colchicine which depolymerises microtubules

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20
Q

types of axonal transport are

A

fast anterograde slow anterograde fast retrograde

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21
Q

transport all newly synthesised membraneous organelle and precursors of nt mediated by neurotubules and kinesis

A

fast anterograde

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22
Q

transporting fibrillar cytoskeletal and protoplasmic elements

A

slow anterograde

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23
Q

returns used materials from the axon terminal to the cell body for degradation and recycling transports nerve growth factor, neurotropic viruses, and toxins, such as herpes simplex, rabies, poliovirus, and tetanus toxin. It is mediated by neurotubules and dynein

A

fast retrograde

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24
Q

nissll substances

A

Nissl substance is found in the nerve cell body (perikaryon) and dendrites, not in the axon hillock or axon has a role in protein synthesis

25
Q

all motor neurons are

A

multipolar neurons

26
Q

one neuron synapses with several effectively

A

divergence

27
Q

several neurons synapse with a single neuron concentrating the input

A

convergence

28
Q

simultaneous processing of different information

A

parallel processing

29
Q

only one stimulus is attended at a time

A

serial porcessing

30
Q

site of communication between two nerve cells or nerve cell and effector cell

A

synapses

31
Q

most common synapse

A

chemical synapse

32
Q

space between two cells signal transduction via neurotransmitter

A

chemical synapse

33
Q

direct physical contact between cells direct signal transduction

A

electrical synapse

34
Q

rare but occurs in cns and heart

A

electrical synapse

35
Q

normal function of serotonin

A

emotions judgment sleep

36
Q

imbalance of serotonin

A

depression suicidal behaviour anxiety impulsive behavior

eating disorders

37
Q

imbalance of glutamate / gaba

A

memory disturbances sleep disturbances anxiety

38
Q

normal function of dopamine

A

mood movement memory

39
Q

imbalance of dopamine

A

movement disorders schizophrenia addiction

40
Q

normal function of endorphins

A

relieve pain induce euphoria

41
Q

layers of the cortex

A

six in total

  1. Molecular Layer
  2. External Granular Layer
  3. External Pyramidal Layer
  4. Internal Granular Layer
  5. Internal Pyramidal Layer
  6. Polymorphic Layer
42
Q

largest and numerous cell in cns

A

astrocytes

43
Q

part of blood brain barrier structural framework & repairs
regulation of ions, nutrients, gases

A

astrocytes

44
Q

allow controlled communication between nerve cells

A

astrocytes

45
Q

produce myelin in cns

A

oligodendrocytes

46
Q

protein which increases speed of information

A

myelin sheath

47
Q

smallest cell in cns

A

microglia

48
Q

engulf and ingest pathogens and cellular debris

A

microglia

49
Q

lining of ventricles & central canal specialized to produce CSF

A

ependymal cells

50
Q

responsible for myelination (peripheral axons)

A

schwann cells

51
Q

involved in repair mechanism after injury (Wallerian Degeneration)

A

schwann cells

52
Q

primary excitation units of the mammalian prefrontal cortex and the corticospinal tract

A

pyramidal cells

53
Q

cell collecting and processing inputs from auditory and other sources before transmitting information to higher levels of the auditory system

A

fusiform cells

54
Q

fusiform cells are located in

A

the sixth layer of the cerebral cortex (polymorphic layer)

55
Q

found in granular layer of cerebellum make up most of cerebellum it receive and process information from mossy fibres and climbing fibres

A

granular (stellate) cells

56
Q

multipolar GABAergic interneurons that function to make inhibitory synapses and control the overall potentials of target cells

A

basket cells

57
Q

are located in the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia and sen-

sory ganglia of cranial nerves CN 5 7 9 10

A

pseudounipolar neurons

58
Q

are found in the cochlear and vestibular ganglia of CN 8 1 and retina

A

bipolar neurons

59
Q

brain tumors are classified as

A

glial (50%) or nonglial (50%)

Anatomy (9 decks)

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