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Anatomy > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

gives rise to central nervous system

A

neural tube derived from ectoderm germ layer

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2
Q

process by which embryonic cells in the ectoderm make a decision to acquire a neural fate

A

neural induction

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3
Q

opposite primitive streak in the embryo ectodermal tissue that thickens and flattens to become

A

the neural plate

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4
Q

neural plate gives rise to

A

neural folds

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5
Q

neural fold gives rise

A

neural groove / tube

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6
Q

mechanism of neural folds

A

it extend towards the dorsal midline where they meet and fuse fusion forms the roof of the neural tube and results in this fully separating from the overlying epidermal ectoderm which contributes to developing the skin layer of the back of the embryo

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7
Q

rostral / cephalic neural tube forms

A

the brain

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8
Q

caudal neural tube forms

A

the spinal cord

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9
Q

at which week of gestation does the cns appear

A

third week of gestation

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10
Q

closure of the cranial neuropore occurs at the

A

18- to 20-somite stage (25th day)

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11
Q

closure of the cau­dal neuropore occurs

A

approximately 3 days after closure of cranial neopore

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12
Q

cephalic end of neural tube is called

A

primary vesicles and is divided into three sections

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13
Q

the three sections of the primary vesicle includes

A
  • prosencephalon : forebrain
  • mesencephalon : midbrain
  • rhombencephalon : hindbrain
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14
Q

flexures of primary vesicles include

A

cephalic flexure : between midbrain and hindbrain cervical flexure : between hindbrain and spinal cord

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15
Q

at which week does the primary brain vesicles differentiate into secondary brain vesicles

A

fifth week of development

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16
Q

sections of the secondary brain vesicles include five vesicles which are

A

prosencephalon → telencephalon and diencephalon
mesen­cephalon → remains
rhombencephalon → metencephalon myelencephalon

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17
Q

separates the mesencephalon from the metencephalon

A

rhombencephalic isthmus

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18
Q

separates the mesencephalon from the myelencephalon

A

pontine flexure

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19
Q

telencephalon adult derivative includes

A

cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricles

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20
Q

diencephalon adult derivative includes

A

thalamus sub thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus third ventricle

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21
Q

mesen­cephalon adult derivative includes

A

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

metencephalon adult derivative includes

A

pons cerebellum and upper part of fourth ventricle

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23
Q

myelencephalon adult derivative includes

A

medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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24
Q

within the midbrain contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle,
located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum

A

aqueduct of Sylvius

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25
Q

wall of a recently closed neural tube consists of

A

neuroepithelial cells ( extend over the entire thickness of the wall and form a thick pseudostratified epithelium )

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26
Q

primitive nerve cells

A

neuroblasts

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27
Q

mantle layer

A

zone around the neuroepithelial layer formed by near blasts later forms the gray matter of the spinal cord

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28
Q

outermost layer of the spinal cord

A

marginal layer

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29
Q

marginal layer

A

contains nerve fibers emerging from neuroblasts in the mantle layer as a result of myelination of nerve fibres the layer takes on a white appearance forming the white matter of the spinal cord

30
Q

ven­tral thickenings of neural tube forms

A

the basal plates which contain ventral motor horn cells form the motor areas of the spinal cord

31
Q

dorsal thickenings of neural tube forms

A

the alar plates which contains dorsal sensory horn cells

form the sensory areas of the spinal cord

32
Q

longitudinal groove marks the boundary between the basal plate and the alar plate

A

the sulcus limitans

33
Q

do the dorsal and ventral midline portions of the neural tube known as the roof and floor plates contain neuroblasts

A

do not contain neuroblasts they serve primarily as pathways for nerve fibres crossing from one side to the other

34
Q

group of neurons accumulates between basal and alar plate form

A

small intermediate horn

35
Q

small intermediate horn contains

A

neurons of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

36
Q

small intermediate horn is present at which part of the spinal cord

A

thoracic (T1-T12) lumbar (L2 or L3)

37
Q

similarities between brain stem and spinal cord formation

A
  • sulcus limitans separates sensory and motor nuclei

- nuclei have columnar shape

38
Q

myelination begins in which month of gestation

A

fourth month of gestation

39
Q

when is myelination of corticospinal tracts complete

A

end of the second postnatal year

40
Q

myelination in the cerebral association cortex continues until

A

the third decade

41
Q

in newborn the conus medullaris ends at

A

L-3

42
Q

in adults the conus medullaris ends at

A

L-1

43
Q

differences between brain stem and spinal cord formation

A
  • central canal of brain stem is larger
  • motor medial and sensory lateral
  • migration away from ventricle
44
Q

motor nerve fibers begin to appear in which week of development

A

fourth

45
Q

positional change of spinal cord happens during which month

A

the third month

46
Q

dorsolateral parts of the alar plates of the cerebellum bend medially and form

A

the rhombic lips

47
Q

cerebral hemispheres arise at the beginning of which week of development

A

fifth

48
Q

part of brain stem that similar to spinal cord in development

A

midbrain because it has fewer 
nuclear divisions and a narrow csf cavity aka cerebral aqueduct

49
Q

similarities between development of the forebrain and hindbrain/spinal cord

A

tubular

50
Q

differences between development of the forebrain and hindbrain/spinal cord

A
  • cerebral hemispheres are more complex

- subcortical nuclei are c shaped

51
Q

alar plates forming the lateral walls of the diencephalon give rise to

A

thalamus and hypothalamus divided by the hypothalamic sulcus

52
Q

diencephalon consist of

A

roof plate and two alar plates but lacks floor and basal plates

53
Q

the neurons of medulla oblongata basal plate form

A

cranial nerves (9 10 11 12) (IX, X, XI,XII ) (glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal) and are situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle medial to the sulcus limitans

54
Q

the neurons of medulla oblongata alar plate form the sensory nuclei of

A

cranial nerves (5 8 9 10) (V, VIIl, IX,X ) (trigeminal abducens glossopharyngeal vagus) and the gracile and cuneate nuclei

55
Q

olivary nuclei is located in and formed by

A

located in medulla oblongata and formed by alar plate migrate ventrolaterally

56
Q

spina bifida

A

birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy

57
Q

anencephaly

A

results from failure of the anterior neuropore to close as a result the brain does not develop

58
Q

is found in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum. It is an indicator of neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly)

A

alpha fetoprotein (afp)

  • AFP levels are reduced in mothers of fetuses with down syndrome
59
Q

closure of the anterior neuropore gives rise to

A

lamina terminalis

60
Q

posterior neuropore failure to close results in

A

spina bifida

61
Q

a protrusion of the meninges through a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect

A

meningocele

62
Q

spinal canal and the backbone don’t close before the baby is born

A

meningomyelocele

63
Q

results from a defect in the occipital bone through which meninges, cerebellar tissue, and the fourth ventricle may herniate.

A

cranium bifida

64
Q

malformation results from elongation and herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum thereby blocking cerebrospinal fluid flow

A

arnold-chiari malformation

65
Q

dandy walker malformation

A

congenital brain malformation in which the part joining the two hemispheres of the cerebellum (the cerebellar vermis) does not fully form, and the fourth ventricle and space behind the cerebellum (the posterior fossa) are enlarged with cerebrospinal fluid.

66
Q

results from failure of midline cleavage of the embryonic forebrain telencephalon contains a singular ventricular cavity.

A

holoprosencephaly

  • is seen in trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) the corpus callosum may be absent
67
Q

the most severe manifestation of the fetal alcohol syndrome

A

holoprosencephaly

68
Q

describes a cranial vault that is smaller than normal

A

microcephaly

69
Q

most common congenital defect of cns

A

spina bifida

70
Q

dura matter is a derivative of

A

mesodorm

71
Q

derivative of neural crest cells outside cns

A
  • pseudounipolar ganglion cells of the spinal and cranial
    nerve ganglia
  • schwann cells myelin sheet
  • multipolar ganglion cells of autonomic ganglia.
  • leptomeninges (the pia-arachnoid), which envelop the
    brain and spinal cord
  • chromaffin cells of the suprarenal medulla (which
    elaborate epinephrine).
  • pigment cells (melanocytes)
  • odontoblasts (which elaborate predentin)
  • aorticopulmonary septum of the heart
  • parafollicular cells (calcitonin-producing C-cells)
  • adrenal medulla

Anatomy (9 decks)

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