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Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

gives rise to central nervous system

A

neural tube derived from ectoderm germ layer

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2
Q

process by which embryonic cells in the ectoderm make a decision to acquire a neural fate

A

neural induction

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3
Q

opposite primitive streak in the embryo ectodermal tissue that thickens and flattens to become

A

the neural plate

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4
Q

neural plate gives rise to

A

neural folds

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5
Q

neural fold gives rise

A

neural groove / tube

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6
Q

mechanism of neural folds

A

it extend towards the dorsal midline where they meet and fuse fusion forms the roof of the neural tube and results in this fully separating from the overlying epidermal ectoderm which contributes to developing the skin layer of the back of the embryo

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7
Q

rostral / cephalic neural tube forms

A

the brain

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8
Q

caudal neural tube forms

A

the spinal cord

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9
Q

at which week of gestation does the cns appear

A

third week of gestation

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10
Q

closure of the cranial neuropore occurs at the

A

18- to 20-somite stage (25th day)

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11
Q

closure of the cau­dal neuropore occurs

A

approximately 3 days after closure of cranial neopore

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12
Q

cephalic end of neural tube is called

A

primary vesicles and is divided into three sections

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13
Q

the three sections of the primary vesicle includes

A
  • prosencephalon : forebrain
  • mesencephalon : midbrain
  • rhombencephalon : hindbrain
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14
Q

flexures of primary vesicles include

A

cephalic flexure : between midbrain and hindbrain cervical flexure : between hindbrain and spinal cord

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15
Q

at which week does the primary brain vesicles differentiate into secondary brain vesicles

A

fifth week of development

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16
Q

sections of the secondary brain vesicles include five vesicles which are

A

prosencephalon → telencephalon and diencephalon
mesen­cephalon → remains
rhombencephalon → metencephalon myelencephalon

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17
Q

separates the mesencephalon from the metencephalon

A

rhombencephalic isthmus

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18
Q

separates the mesencephalon from the myelencephalon

A

pontine flexure

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19
Q

telencephalon adult derivative includes

A

cerebral hemisphere and lateral ventricles

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20
Q

diencephalon adult derivative includes

A

thalamus sub thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus third ventricle

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21
Q

mesen­cephalon adult derivative includes

A

midbrain and cerebral aqueduct

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22
Q

metencephalon adult derivative includes

A

pons cerebellum and upper part of fourth ventricle

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23
Q

myelencephalon adult derivative includes

A

medulla and lower part of fourth ventricle

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24
Q

within the midbrain contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle,
located dorsal to the pons and ventral to the cerebellum

A

aqueduct of Sylvius

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25
wall of a recently closed neural tube consists of
neuroepithelial cells ( extend over the entire thickness of the wall and form a thick pseudostratified epithelium )
26
primitive nerve cells
neuroblasts
27
mantle layer
zone around the neuroepithelial layer formed by near blasts later forms the gray matter of the spinal cord
28
outermost layer of the spinal cord
marginal layer
29
marginal layer
contains nerve fibers emerging from neuroblasts in the mantle layer as a result of myelination of nerve fibres the layer takes on a white appearance forming the white matter of the spinal cord
30
ven­tral thickenings of neural tube forms
the basal plates which contain ventral motor horn cells form the motor areas of the spinal cord
31
dorsal thickenings of neural tube forms
the alar plates which contains dorsal sensory horn cells | form the sensory areas of the spinal cord
32
longitudinal groove marks the boundary between the basal plate and the alar plate
the sulcus limitans
33
do the dorsal and ventral midline portions of the neural tube known as the roof and floor plates contain neuroblasts
do not contain neuroblasts they serve primarily as pathways for nerve fibres crossing from one side to the other
34
group of neurons accumulates between basal and alar plate form
small intermediate horn
35
small intermediate horn contains
neurons of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
36
small intermediate horn is present at which part of the spinal cord
thoracic (T1-T12) lumbar (L2 or L3)
37
similarities between brain stem and spinal cord formation
- sulcus limitans separates sensory and motor nuclei | - nuclei have columnar shape
38
myelination begins in which month of gestation
fourth month of gestation
39
when is myelination of corticospinal tracts complete
end of the second postnatal year
40
myelination in the cerebral association cortex continues until
the third decade
41
in newborn the conus medullaris ends at
L-3
42
in adults the conus medullaris ends at
L-1
43
differences between brain stem and spinal cord formation
- central canal of brain stem is larger - motor medial and sensory lateral - migration away from ventricle
44
motor nerve fibers begin to appear in which week of development
fourth
45
positional change of spinal cord happens during which month
the third month
46
dorsolateral parts of the alar plates of the cerebellum bend medially and form
the rhombic lips
47
cerebral hemispheres arise at the beginning of which week of development
fifth
48
part of brain stem that similar to spinal cord in development
midbrain because it has fewer 
nuclear divisions and a narrow csf cavity aka cerebral aqueduct
49
similarities between development of the forebrain and hindbrain/spinal cord
tubular
50
differences between development of the forebrain and hindbrain/spinal cord
- cerebral hemispheres are more complex | - subcortical nuclei are c shaped
51
alar plates forming the lateral walls of the diencephalon give rise to
thalamus and hypothalamus divided by the hypothalamic sulcus
52
diencephalon consist of
roof plate and two alar plates but lacks floor and basal plates
53
the neurons of medulla oblongata basal plate form
cranial nerves (9 10 11 12) (IX, X, XI,XII ) (glossopharyngeal vagus accessory hypoglossal) and are situated in the floor of the fourth ventricle medial to the sulcus limitans
54
the neurons of medulla oblongata alar plate form the sensory nuclei of
cranial nerves (5 8 9 10) (V, VIIl, IX,X ) (trigeminal abducens glossopharyngeal vagus) and the gracile and cuneate nuclei
55
olivary nuclei is located in and formed by
located in medulla oblongata and formed by alar plate migrate ventrolaterally
56
spina bifida
birth defect in which there is incomplete closing of the spine and the membranes around the spinal cord during early development in pregnancy
57
anencephaly
results from failure of the anterior neuropore to close as a result the brain does not develop
58
is found in the amniotic fluid and maternal serum. It is an indicator of neural tube defects (e.g., spina bifida, anencephaly)
alpha fetoprotein (afp) - AFP levels are reduced in mothers of fetuses with down syndrome
59
closure of the anterior neuropore gives rise to
lamina terminalis
60
posterior neuropore failure to close results in
spina bifida
61
a protrusion of the meninges through a gap in the spine due to a congenital defect
meningocele
62
spinal canal and the backbone don't close before the baby is born
meningomyelocele
63
results from a defect in the occipital bone through which meninges, cerebellar tissue, and the fourth ventricle may herniate.
cranium bifida
64
malformation results from elongation and herniation of cerebellar tonsils through foramen magnum thereby blocking cerebrospinal fluid flow
arnold-chiari malformation
65
dandy walker malformation
congenital brain malformation in which the part joining the two hemispheres of the cerebellum (the cerebellar vermis) does not fully form, and the fourth ventricle and space behind the cerebellum (the posterior fossa) are enlarged with cerebrospinal fluid.
66
results from failure of midline cleavage of the embryonic forebrain telencephalon contains a singular ventricular cavity.
holoprosencephaly - is seen in trisomy 13 (Patau syndrome) the corpus callosum may be absent
67
the most severe manifestation of the fetal alcohol syndrome
holoprosencephaly
68
describes a cranial vault that is smaller than normal
microcephaly
69
most common congenital defect of cns
spina bifida
70
dura matter is a derivative of
mesodorm
71
derivative of neural crest cells outside cns
- pseudounipolar ganglion cells of the spinal and cranial nerve ganglia - schwann cells myelin sheet - multipolar ganglion cells of autonomic ganglia. - leptomeninges (the pia-arachnoid), which envelop the brain and spinal cord - chromaffin cells of the suprarenal medulla (which elaborate epinephrine). - pigment cells (melanocytes) - odontoblasts (which elaborate predentin) - aorticopulmonary septum of the heart - parafollicular cells (calcitonin-producing C-cells) - adrenal medulla

Anatomy (9 decks)

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