Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PRINCIPLES > HISTOLOGY > Flashcards

HISTOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

what bone marrow cells produce platelets?

A

megakaryocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what bones retain hemopoiesis?

A 
vertebrae 
ribs
skull
pelvis
proximal femur
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the main site of hemopoiesis after birth?

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three layers of a blood vessel? (from inner to outer)

A 
tunica intima (inner)
tunica media (middle)
tunica adventitia (outer)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the tunica intima (3)

A

inner layer of a blood vessel
a single layer of squamous epithelail cells (endothelium)
supported by a basal lamina and a thin layer of connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the tunica media (3)

A

middle layer
predominantly smooth muscle, some elastic fibres
thickness of this layer varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe the tunica adventitia (2)

A

outer layer

made up of supportive connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what separates the tunica intima and the tunica media?

A

a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?

A

a layer of elastic tissue called the external elastic membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an elastic artery?

A

an artery in which a significant amount of the smooth muscle in the tunica media is replaced by sheets of elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what do sheets of elastic fibres in the tunica media allow?

A

elastic recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why do large arteries have their own vascular supply and what is this called?

A

only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen
the vasa vasorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how are arterioles formed?

A

arteries become smaller and lose smooth muscle from their tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are arterioles important for?

A

controlling blood flow in a tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the structure of capillaries (3)

A

composed of endothelial cells and a basal lamina
diameter of between 4 and 8 micrometers
they form networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous/sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where are continuous capillaries found? (4)

A

muscle, nerves, lungs and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

describe fenestrated capillaries

A

have small pores

found in the gut mucsosa, endocrine glands and the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe discontinuous capillaries

A

have large gaps

found in the liver, spleen and bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

describe venules (4)

A

10 - 30 micrometres in diameter
lined with endothelial cells, contain a thin layer of connective tissue
important sites for exchange
has intwrmittent smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the structure of a vein

A

tunica intima
tunica adventitia
thin but continuous tunica media, few layers of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

describe the structure of the largest veins

A

thick tunica adventitia which incorporates bundles of longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do many veins have valves?

A

to prevent backflow of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the lymph vascular system?

A

a system of relatively thin walled vessels that drain excess tissue fluid called lymph into the blood stream and to lymoh nodes for immunological surveillance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how is flow maintained in the lymph vascular system?

A

smooth muscle in walls
hydrostatic pressure in tissue
compression of the vessels by voluntary muscle
valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the second site of hemopoiesis?

A

liver and spleen (mainly the liver) as they are colonized with hemopoietic stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is the earliest site of hemopoiesis?

A

in the yolk sac at about 3 weeks of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the production of blood cells

29
Q

platelets

A

small cell fragments
play a key role in preventing blood loss
no nucleus
granulated - granules contain coagulation factors

30
Q

what two main components make up blood?

A

formed elements

plasma

31
Q

lymphocytes

A

round nucleus
thin cytoplasm with no granules
arise in bone marrow
participate in the specific immune response

32
Q

monocytes (6)

A 
precursors to tissue macrophages 
predominent in loose connective tissye 
lysosomal granules in the cytoplasm 
largest blood cells 
non lobulated nucleus - kidney bean shaped 
some are resident to tissues
33
Q

describe basophils

A

granules in cytoplasm (affinity for basic dyes)
bilobed nucleus
granules contain inflammatory mediators
degranulation leads to allergic reaction

34
Q

what is the rarest granulocyte?

A

basophils

35
Q

describe eosinophils

A

granulocytes
granules stained red by eosin
in cicrculation for 8-12 hours then live in tissues
larger than a neutrophil
bilobed nucleus
induce and maintain an inflammatpry response

36
Q

describe a neutrophil (4)

A

contain granules in its cytoplasm
multi lobed nucleus
once activated, act as highly motile phagocytes
abundant and short lived, significant proportion of the bone marrow is dedicated to their production

37
Q

what is the most common type of leukocyte?

A

neutrophil

38
Q

what is a leukocyte?

A

white blood cell

39
Q

how long do red cells last in circulation and how are they removed?

A

four months

removed by the spleen and the liver

40
Q

why do red cells have a network of flexible cytoskeletal elements?

A

to allow them to deform and slip through spaces smaller than themselves

41
Q

describe a red blood cell

A

biconcave disc
7 micrometers in diameter
not a true cell as they contain no nucelus or organelles
contain the protein haemoglobin

42
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

43
Q

what is it called if clotting factors are removed from blood?

A

serum

44
Q

describe the separation of blood in a centrifuge

A

red cells are the densest and are found at the bottom of the tube
white cells are on top of red cells
plasma is found on top

45
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

46
Q

what are the three types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

47
Q

what are the two types of white cells?

A

granulocytes

agranulocytes

48
Q

what makes up the formed elements of blood?

A

red cells
white cells
platelets

49
Q

what do all eukaryotic contain?

A 
an outer membrane 
cytoplasm 
cytoskeleton 
membrane bound organelels 
inclusions
50
Q

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

gives cell shape and fluidity, provides support and structure

51
Q

what is another name for the cell membrane?

A

the plasmalemma

52
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of?

A

amphipathic phospholipids

53
Q

describe the phosphilipid head

A

hydrophillic, faces outer and inner surfaces

54
Q

describe the phospholipid tail

A

hydrophobic fatty acid chain

faces the middle of the two layers

55
Q

what does the cell membrane contain?

A

integral proteins: receptors, channels, transporters, enzymes and cell attachment proteins
peripheral proteins
cholesterol

56
Q

what ways can proteins be embedded in the cell membrane?

A

some can diffuse laterally in the membrane

some are anchored

57
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

moving things into the cell

58
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

moving things out of the cell

59
Q

what does the cell membrane provide?

A

a barrier between the cell and the outside world

60
Q

what is an organelle?

A

a small intracellular organ that is essential for life

61
Q

what is an inclusion?

A

anything else in a cell that isnt essential for life

62
Q

how can inclusions get into cells?

A

synthesised by the cell

taken up from the extracellular environment

63
Q

what three types of protein filaments make up the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

64
Q

microfilaments

A

made from actin

65
Q

intermediate filaments

A

made from six types of proteins, varied in different cell types

66
Q

microtubules

A

two tubulin protein subunits

67
Q

how do the filaments of the cytoskeleton attach to the membrane and each other?

A

by joining proteins to form a 3D internal scaffold inside the cell

68
Q

why are microfilaments a fluid part of the cytoskeleton?

A

actin molecules assemble into the filaments and can later dissociate

69
Q

what type of protein is actin?

A

globular

PRINCIPLES (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions