ANATOMY Flashcards
what is a gamete?
a haploid germ cell
what is the male gamete?
spermatozoa
what is the female gamete?
oocyte
what produces the gametes?
the gonads
what is produced during fertilisation?
a zygote
where does normal fertilisation occur?
ampulla of the uterine tube
what is the anatomical name of the armpit?
axilla
what does patient supine mean?
lying on their back
what does patient prone mean?
lying on their stomach
anterior
nearer the front of the body
posterior
nearer the back of the body
superior
nearer the top of the head
inferior
nearer the soles of the feet
medial
nearer the median plane
lateral
further from the median plane
proximal
nearer the point of attachment of the limb to the body
distal
further from the point of attachment of the limb to the body
superficial
nearer the surface of the body
deep
further from the surface of the body
external
further from the centre
internal
nearer the centre
dorsal
posterior surface of the wrist, hand and tongue
superior surface of the foot
volar
anterior wrist
palmar
anterior hand
ventral
anterior tongue
plantar
inferior foot
major and minor
larger and smaller structures with the same name
what is the base of the neck called?
the root of the neck
sagittal plane
cut down front to back
coronal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
median plane
sagittal plane down the middle of the body
horizontal plane
horizontal cross section
what are other names for the horizontal plane?
axial and transverse planes
what is a diagonal cut called?
oblique section
what plane are the images produced in an MRI in?
horizontal
describe the anatomical position? (7)
standing facing anteriorly face facing anteriorly upper limbs by side palms of hands facing anteriorly feet together toes pointing anteriorly
flexion
decreasing the angle between bones at a joint
what movements are flexions?
all anterior movements superior to the knee
extension
increasing the angle between bones at a joint
what movements are extensions?
all anterior movements inferior to the knee
abduction
movement away from the median plane
adduction
movement towards the median plane
internal or medial rotation
anterior surface of a limb rotates towards the median plane
external or lateral rotation
anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the median plane
circumduction
circular motion at a joint
eversion
sole of foot rotates away from the median plane, sole faces laterally
inversion
sole of foot rotates towards median plane, sole faces medially
pronation
anterior surface of forearm rotates, palm of hands faces posteriorly
supination
rotates back to anatomical position
semi prone
midways between supine and prone
opposition
thumb to pinky
reposition
thumb back to normal from opposition
rotation
twisting
lateral flexion
bending sideways
elevation
shoulders up
depression
shoulders down
protrusion
jaw forward
retrusion
jaw back
protraction
shoulder forward
retraction
shoulder back
what are the two circulations that make up the CVS?
pulmonary and systemic
describe the pulmonary circulation
from the right side
deoxygenated blood
goes to the lungs
oxygenated returns to the left
describe the systemic circulation
from the left side
oxygenated blood
goes to capillary beds of organs and tissues
deoxygenated returns to the right
unilateral
structure is on one side of the body
bilateral
structure is on both the right and left sides of the body
midline
single structure on or near the median plane
ipsilateral
structure lies on the same side of the body as the structure it is being compared to
contralateral
structure lies on the opposite side of the body to the structure it is being compared to
what three components make up the CVS?
arterial system
heart
venous system
what is the anatomical name of the chest?
thorax
what vessel does all systemic arterial blood enter first?
aorta
at what pressure does the aorta receive blood during systole?
high pressure
what do the elastic walls of the aorta do?
expand under high pressure
what maintains the peripheral flow of the aorta during diastole?
elastic recoil
why does elastic recoil in the aorta push blood along?
because the aorta contains more elastic fibre than muscle
what are the four main parts of the aorta?
ascending
arch
thoracic
abdominal
what makes up the ascending aorta?
left and right coronary arteries
what makes up the descending aorta?
thoracic and abdominal aorta
what are the branches of the arch of the aorta?
braciocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian
what arteries branch from the abdominal aorta to supply the pelvis and lower limbs?
common iliac arteries
what does the external iliac artery supply?
lower limbs
what does the internal iliac artery supply?
pelvis and perineum
what are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
what is the external layer of the heart?
epicardium
what is the middle layer of the heart?
myocardium
what is the internal layer of the heart?
endocardium
epicardium
visceral serous pericardium
myocardium
cardiac muscle layer
endocardium
continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
what is the endothelium?
epithelial layer in the heart and blood vessels
what are the great vessels?
aorta pulmonary trunk IVC SVC pulmonary veins
what are the valves of the heart?
mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral valve
between left ventricle and left atrium
aortic valve
between left ventricle and the aorta
pulmonary valve
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
tricuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
what are the peripheral pulses?
carotid femoral artery popliteal artery dorsalis pedis artery brachial artery radial artery
where is the radial artery pulse?
radial site of the palmar aspect of the wrist
where is the brachial artery pulse?
anterior to the elbow joint
where is the dorsalis pedis artery pulse?
on the dorsum of the foor
where is the popliteal artery pulse?
posterior to the knee joint
where is the femoral artery pulse?
the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin
where is the carotid pulse?
at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
what is vasodilation?
relaxation of smooth muscles to widen the lumen and increase blood flow
what is vasoconstriction?
contraction of smooth muscle to narrow the lumen and reduce blood flow
what can smooth muscle contraction help with?
reducing blood loss after an injury
what causes vasoconstriction/dilation?
sympathetic tone
what is sympathetic tone?
a low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
what causes sympathetic tone?
tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
what is a neurovascular bundle?
a nerve an artery and a vein
why do arteries have a round lumen?
because elastic fibres keep their shape
what blood vessel is pulsatile?
arteries
what blood vessel is located more deep?
arteries
what is the one artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
the pulmonary artery
what does proximal mean when discussing an artery?
end of the artery closer to the heart
what does distal mean when discussing an artery?
end of the artery further from the heart
what is it called when an artery divides into 2?
bifurcation
what is it called when an artery divides into 3 ?
trifurcation
what terms indicate that an artery will divide again?
common and trunk
what is an end artery?
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
what doesnt an end artery have?
any collaterals
what does untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?
infarction of its territory
what is infarction?
irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by a loss of arterial blood supply
why does the coronary artery behave as an end artery even though it isnt one?
the anastomoses in the heart isnt good enough to provide the heart with the blood supply it needs to function
what are the three layers of a blood vessel from internal to external?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
tunica intima
internal
endothelium
tunica media
middle
smooth muscle and elastic fibres
what is the most variable layer of a blood vessel and why?
tunica media
amount of smooth muscle and elastic fibre required depends on function
tunica adventitia
external
connective tissue
in the conducting system where does the electrical impulse start spontaneously and what does this cause?
at the SA node
causes both atria to contarct
where is the second place in the heart that the elctrical impulse travels to?
the AV node at the atrioventricular septum
where is the 3rd place the electrical impulse in the heart travels to?
the right and left bundles in the interventricular septum
where does the electrical impulse in the heart spread out to and what does this cause?
myocardium through conducting fibres
causes both ventricles to contract
what is the anatomical name for the top of the lower limb?
inguinal region
what is an anastomosis?
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
what does an anastomosis provide?
an alternative route for blood to flow to cells distal to an arterial occlusion
give an example of an anastomosis
the circle of willis in the brain
what is each alternative route in an anastomosis called?
a collateral
what is a disadvantage of a collateral?
they bleed from both sides of a cut so a haemorrhage may be worse
what do valves ensure?
uni-directional blood flow
what are the chambers of the heart?
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
what are the 4 functions of the CVS?
distributes gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
Chemical signalling (hormones travel in the bloodstream).
Thermoregulation
Mediate inflammation and host defence responses
what are sensations that can be detected by the nerves at joints? (4)
pain
touch
temperature
proprioception (awareness of where your body is)
what does increased stability at a joint mean?
decreased mobility
what does increased mobility at a joint mean?
decreased stability
joint is more likely to dislocate
what joint is the most flexible and which is the least?
most = synovial least = fibrous
what are the three types of joints?
synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous
what is the name of the joint that connects the skull to the vertebrae?
craniovertebral joints
what is the name of the joints betwen the vertebrae and the ribs?
costovertabral joints
name all the joints in the hand and wrist
proximal and distal interphalangeal
wrist joints
metacarpophalangeal
what is the name of the joints involving the tibia and the fibula?
proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
what are the names of all the joints in the ankle and the feet?
subtalar midtarsal metatarsalphalangeal proximal interphalangeal distal interphalangeal
what fuses the two bones of the pubis?
the pubic symphysis
what is the name of the joint between the sacrum and the ilium?
sacroiliac joints
what is the name of the distal joint between the radius and the ulna?
distal radioulnar joint
what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the pectoral girdle
bones of the upper limbs
bones of the pelvic girdle
bones of the lower limb
when do bony features develop?
during bone growth
what is a bony feature?
a small feature on a bone such as a bump or a groove
how are bony features formed?
an adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly
how are holes formed in bones and what are they called?
when there is an adjacent structure growing at the same time as the bone, the bone has to grow around it
a foramen
what are some functions of bone? (4)
support and protect body organs
calcium metabolism
red blood cell formation
attachment for skeletal muscles
what bones make up the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull
vones of the neck
bones of the chest, abdomen and back
which is more rigid, cartilage or bone?
bone
where is cartilage located?
anywhere mobility is required at articulations
what is an articulation?
a joint
what is the name of the joint between the temporal lobe and the mandible?
temperomandibular joints
what is the name of the joint between the acromion and the clavicle called?
acromioclavicular joint
what is the name of the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?
sternoclavicular joints
what is the name of the joint between most vertebrae?
facet joints
what are the two parts that make up the skeleton?
the axial skeleton
the appendicular skeleton
