Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PRINCIPLES > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gamete?

A

a haploid germ cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the male gamete?

A

spermatozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the female gamete?

A

oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what produces the gametes?

A

the gonads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is produced during fertilisation?

A

a zygote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where does normal fertilisation occur?

A

ampulla of the uterine tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the anatomical name of the armpit?

A

axilla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does patient supine mean?

A

lying on their back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does patient prone mean?

A

lying on their stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

anterior

A

nearer the front of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

posterior

A

nearer the back of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

superior

A

nearer the top of the head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

inferior

A

nearer the soles of the feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

medial

A

nearer the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

lateral

A

further from the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proximal

A

nearer the point of attachment of the limb to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

distal

A

further from the point of attachment of the limb to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

superficial

A

nearer the surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

deep

A

further from the surface of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

external

A

further from the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

internal

A

nearer the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

dorsal

A

posterior surface of the wrist, hand and tongue

superior surface of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

volar

A

anterior wrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

palmar

A

anterior hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ventral

A

anterior tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

plantar

A

inferior foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

major and minor

A

larger and smaller structures with the same name

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the base of the neck called?

A

the root of the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

sagittal plane

A

cut down front to back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

coronal plane

A

divides body into anterior and posterior sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

median plane

A

sagittal plane down the middle of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

horizontal plane

A

horizontal cross section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are other names for the horizontal plane?

A

axial and transverse planes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is a diagonal cut called?

A

oblique section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what plane are the images produced in an MRI in?

A

horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

describe the anatomical position? (7)

A 
standing 
facing anteriorly 
face facing anteriorly 
upper limbs by side 
palms of hands facing anteriorly 
feet together 
toes pointing anteriorly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

flexion

A

decreasing the angle between bones at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what movements are flexions?

A

all anterior movements superior to the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

extension

A

increasing the angle between bones at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what movements are extensions?

A

all anterior movements inferior to the knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

abduction

A

movement away from the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

adduction

A

movement towards the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

internal or medial rotation

A

anterior surface of a limb rotates towards the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

external or lateral rotation

A

anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

circumduction

A

circular motion at a joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

eversion

A

sole of foot rotates away from the median plane, sole faces laterally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

inversion

A

sole of foot rotates towards median plane, sole faces medially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

pronation

A

anterior surface of forearm rotates, palm of hands faces posteriorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

supination

A

rotates back to anatomical position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

semi prone

A

midways between supine and prone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

opposition

A

thumb to pinky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

reposition

A

thumb back to normal from opposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

rotation

A

twisting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

lateral flexion

A

bending sideways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

elevation

A

shoulders up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

depression

A

shoulders down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

protrusion

A

jaw forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

retrusion

A

jaw back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

protraction

A

shoulder forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

retraction

A

shoulder back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the two circulations that make up the CVS?

A

pulmonary and systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

describe the pulmonary circulation

A

from the right side
deoxygenated blood
goes to the lungs
oxygenated returns to the left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

describe the systemic circulation

A

from the left side
oxygenated blood
goes to capillary beds of organs and tissues
deoxygenated returns to the right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

unilateral

A

structure is on one side of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

bilateral

A

structure is on both the right and left sides of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

midline

A

single structure on or near the median plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

ipsilateral

A

structure lies on the same side of the body as the structure it is being compared to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

contralateral

A

structure lies on the opposite side of the body to the structure it is being compared to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what three components make up the CVS?

A

arterial system
heart
venous system

70
Q

what is the anatomical name of the chest?

A

thorax

71
Q

what vessel does all systemic arterial blood enter first?

A

aorta

72
Q

at what pressure does the aorta receive blood during systole?

A

high pressure

73
Q

what do the elastic walls of the aorta do?

A

expand under high pressure

74
Q

what maintains the peripheral flow of the aorta during diastole?

A

elastic recoil

75
Q

why does elastic recoil in the aorta push blood along?

A

because the aorta contains more elastic fibre than muscle

76
Q

what are the four main parts of the aorta?

A

ascending
arch
thoracic
abdominal

77
Q

what makes up the ascending aorta?

A

left and right coronary arteries

78
Q

what makes up the descending aorta?

A

thoracic and abdominal aorta

79
Q

what are the branches of the arch of the aorta?

A

braciocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian

80
Q

what arteries branch from the abdominal aorta to supply the pelvis and lower limbs?

A

common iliac arteries

81
Q

what does the external iliac artery supply?

A

lower limbs

82
Q

what does the internal iliac artery supply?

A

pelvis and perineum

83
Q

what are the three layers of the heart?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

84
Q

what is the external layer of the heart?

A

epicardium

85
Q

what is the middle layer of the heart?

A

myocardium

86
Q

what is the internal layer of the heart?

A

endocardium

87
Q

epicardium

A

visceral serous pericardium

88
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle layer

89
Q

endocardium

A

continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart

90
Q

what is the endothelium?

A

epithelial layer in the heart and blood vessels

91
Q

what are the great vessels?

A 
aorta 
pulmonary trunk 
IVC 
SVC 
pulmonary veins
92
Q

what are the valves of the heart?

A

mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary

93
Q

mitral valve

A

between left ventricle and left atrium

94
Q

aortic valve

A

between left ventricle and the aorta

95
Q

pulmonary valve

A

between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

96
Q

tricuspid valve

A

between right atrium and right ventricle

97
Q

what are the peripheral pulses?

A 
carotid 
femoral artery 
popliteal artery 
dorsalis pedis artery 
brachial artery 
radial artery
98
Q

where is the radial artery pulse?

A

radial site of the palmar aspect of the wrist

99
Q

where is the brachial artery pulse?

A

anterior to the elbow joint

100
Q

where is the dorsalis pedis artery pulse?

A

on the dorsum of the foor

101
Q

where is the popliteal artery pulse?

A

posterior to the knee joint

102
Q

where is the femoral artery pulse?

A

the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin

103
Q

where is the carotid pulse?

A

at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

104
Q

what is vasodilation?

A

relaxation of smooth muscles to widen the lumen and increase blood flow

105
Q

what is vasoconstriction?

A

contraction of smooth muscle to narrow the lumen and reduce blood flow

106
Q

what can smooth muscle contraction help with?

A

reducing blood loss after an injury

107
Q

what causes vasoconstriction/dilation?

A

sympathetic tone

108
Q

what is sympathetic tone?

A

a low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

109
Q

what causes sympathetic tone?

A

tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

110
Q

what is a neurovascular bundle?

A

a nerve an artery and a vein

111
Q

why do arteries have a round lumen?

A

because elastic fibres keep their shape

112
Q

what blood vessel is pulsatile?

A

arteries

113
Q

what blood vessel is located more deep?

A

arteries

114
Q

what is the one artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

the pulmonary artery

115
Q

what does proximal mean when discussing an artery?

A

end of the artery closer to the heart

116
Q

what does distal mean when discussing an artery?

A

end of the artery further from the heart

117
Q

what is it called when an artery divides into 2?

A

bifurcation

118
Q

what is it called when an artery divides into 3 ?

A

trifurcation

119
Q

what terms indicate that an artery will divide again?

A

common and trunk

120
Q

what is an end artery?

A

the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body

121
Q

what doesnt an end artery have?

A

any collaterals

122
Q

what does untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?

A

infarction of its territory

123
Q

what is infarction?

A

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by a loss of arterial blood supply

124
Q

why does the coronary artery behave as an end artery even though it isnt one?

A

the anastomoses in the heart isnt good enough to provide the heart with the blood supply it needs to function

125
Q

what are the three layers of a blood vessel from internal to external?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

126
Q

tunica intima

A

internal

endothelium

127
Q

tunica media

A

middle

smooth muscle and elastic fibres

128
Q

what is the most variable layer of a blood vessel and why?

A

tunica media

amount of smooth muscle and elastic fibre required depends on function

129
Q

tunica adventitia

A

external

connective tissue

130
Q

in the conducting system where does the electrical impulse start spontaneously and what does this cause?

A

at the SA node

causes both atria to contarct

131
Q

where is the second place in the heart that the elctrical impulse travels to?

A

the AV node at the atrioventricular septum

132
Q

where is the 3rd place the electrical impulse in the heart travels to?

A

the right and left bundles in the interventricular septum

133
Q

where does the electrical impulse in the heart spread out to and what does this cause?

A

myocardium through conducting fibres

causes both ventricles to contract

134
Q

what is the anatomical name for the top of the lower limb?

A

inguinal region

135
Q

what is an anastomosis?

A

where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

136
Q

what does an anastomosis provide?

A

an alternative route for blood to flow to cells distal to an arterial occlusion

137
Q

give an example of an anastomosis

A

the circle of willis in the brain

138
Q

what is each alternative route in an anastomosis called?

A

a collateral

139
Q

what is a disadvantage of a collateral?

A

they bleed from both sides of a cut so a haemorrhage may be worse

140
Q

what do valves ensure?

A

uni-directional blood flow

141
Q

what are the chambers of the heart?

A

right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle

142
Q

what are the 4 functions of the CVS?

A

distributes gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
Chemical signalling (hormones travel in the bloodstream).
Thermoregulation
Mediate inflammation and host defence responses

143
Q

what are sensations that can be detected by the nerves at joints? (4)

A

pain
touch
temperature
proprioception (awareness of where your body is)

144
Q

what does increased stability at a joint mean?

A

decreased mobility

145
Q

what does increased mobility at a joint mean?

A

decreased stability

joint is more likely to dislocate

146
Q

what joint is the most flexible and which is the least?

A 
most = synovial 
least = fibrous
147
Q

what are the three types of joints?

A

synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous

148
Q

what is the name of the joint that connects the skull to the vertebrae?

A

craniovertebral joints

149
Q

what is the name of the joints betwen the vertebrae and the ribs?

A

costovertabral joints

150
Q

name all the joints in the hand and wrist

A

proximal and distal interphalangeal
wrist joints
metacarpophalangeal

151
Q

what is the name of the joints involving the tibia and the fibula?

A

proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

152
Q

what are the names of all the joints in the ankle and the feet?

A 
subtalar 
midtarsal 
metatarsalphalangeal 
proximal interphalangeal 
distal interphalangeal
153
Q

what fuses the two bones of the pubis?

A

the pubic symphysis

154
Q

what is the name of the joint between the sacrum and the ilium?

A

sacroiliac joints

155
Q

what is the name of the distal joint between the radius and the ulna?

A

distal radioulnar joint

156
Q

what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

bones of the pectoral girdle
bones of the upper limbs
bones of the pelvic girdle
bones of the lower limb

157
Q

when do bony features develop?

A

during bone growth

158
Q

what is a bony feature?

A

a small feature on a bone such as a bump or a groove

159
Q

how are bony features formed?

A

an adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly

160
Q

how are holes formed in bones and what are they called?

A

when there is an adjacent structure growing at the same time as the bone, the bone has to grow around it

a foramen

161
Q

what are some functions of bone? (4)

A

support and protect body organs
calcium metabolism
red blood cell formation
attachment for skeletal muscles

162
Q

what bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

bones of the skull
vones of the neck
bones of the chest, abdomen and back

163
Q

which is more rigid, cartilage or bone?

A

bone

164
Q

where is cartilage located?

A

anywhere mobility is required at articulations

165
Q

what is an articulation?

A

a joint

166
Q

what is the name of the joint between the temporal lobe and the mandible?

A

temperomandibular joints

167
Q

what is the name of the joint between the acromion and the clavicle called?

A

acromioclavicular joint

168
Q

what is the name of the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?

A

sternoclavicular joints

169
Q

what is the name of the joint between most vertebrae?

A

facet joints

170
Q

what are the two parts that make up the skeleton?

A

the axial skeleton

the appendicular skeleton

PRINCIPLES (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions