ANATOMY Flashcards
1
Q
what is a gamete?
A
a haploid germ cell
2
Q
what is the male gamete?
A
spermatozoa
3
Q
what is the female gamete?
A
oocyte
4
Q
what produces the gametes?
A
the gonads
5
Q
what is produced during fertilisation?
A
a zygote
6
Q
where does normal fertilisation occur?
A
ampulla of the uterine tube
7
Q
what is the anatomical name of the armpit?
A
axilla
8
Q
what does patient supine mean?
A
lying on their back
9
Q
what does patient prone mean?
A
lying on their stomach
10
Q
anterior
A
nearer the front of the body
11
Q
posterior
A
nearer the back of the body
12
Q
superior
A
nearer the top of the head
13
Q
inferior
A
nearer the soles of the feet
14
Q
medial
A
nearer the median plane
15
Q
lateral
A
further from the median plane
16
Q
proximal
A
nearer the point of attachment of the limb to the body
17
Q
distal
A
further from the point of attachment of the limb to the body
18
Q
superficial
A
nearer the surface of the body
19
Q
deep
A
further from the surface of the body
20
Q
external
A
further from the centre
21
Q
internal
A
nearer the centre
22
Q
dorsal
A
posterior surface of the wrist, hand and tongue
superior surface of the foot
23
Q
volar
A
anterior wrist
24
Q
palmar
A
anterior hand
25
ventral
anterior tongue
26
plantar
inferior foot
27
major and minor
larger and smaller structures with the same name
28
what is the base of the neck called?
the root of the neck
29
sagittal plane
cut down front to back
30
coronal plane
divides body into anterior and posterior sections
31
median plane
sagittal plane down the middle of the body
32
horizontal plane
horizontal cross section
33
what are other names for the horizontal plane?
axial and transverse planes
34
what is a diagonal cut called?
oblique section
35
what plane are the images produced in an MRI in?
horizontal
36
describe the anatomical position? (7)
```
standing
facing anteriorly
face facing anteriorly
upper limbs by side
palms of hands facing anteriorly
feet together
toes pointing anteriorly
```
37
flexion
decreasing the angle between bones at a joint
38
what movements are flexions?
all anterior movements superior to the knee
39
extension
increasing the angle between bones at a joint
40
what movements are extensions?
all anterior movements inferior to the knee
41
abduction
movement away from the median plane
42
adduction
movement towards the median plane
43
internal or medial rotation
anterior surface of a limb rotates towards the median plane
44
external or lateral rotation
anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the median plane
45
circumduction
circular motion at a joint
46
eversion
sole of foot rotates away from the median plane, sole faces laterally
47
inversion
sole of foot rotates towards median plane, sole faces medially
48
pronation
anterior surface of forearm rotates, palm of hands faces posteriorly
49
supination
rotates back to anatomical position
50
semi prone
midways between supine and prone
51
opposition
thumb to pinky
52
reposition
thumb back to normal from opposition
53
rotation
twisting
54
lateral flexion
bending sideways
55
elevation
shoulders up
56
depression
shoulders down
57
protrusion
jaw forward
58
retrusion
jaw back
59
protraction
shoulder forward
60
retraction
shoulder back
61
what are the two circulations that make up the CVS?
pulmonary and systemic
62
describe the pulmonary circulation
from the right side
deoxygenated blood
goes to the lungs
oxygenated returns to the left
63
describe the systemic circulation
from the left side
oxygenated blood
goes to capillary beds of organs and tissues
deoxygenated returns to the right
64
unilateral
structure is on one side of the body
65
bilateral
structure is on both the right and left sides of the body
66
midline
single structure on or near the median plane
67
ipsilateral
structure lies on the same side of the body as the structure it is being compared to
68
contralateral
structure lies on the opposite side of the body to the structure it is being compared to
69
what three components make up the CVS?
arterial system
heart
venous system
70
what is the anatomical name of the chest?
thorax
71
what vessel does all systemic arterial blood enter first?
aorta
72
at what pressure does the aorta receive blood during systole?
high pressure
73
what do the elastic walls of the aorta do?
expand under high pressure
74
what maintains the peripheral flow of the aorta during diastole?
elastic recoil
75
why does elastic recoil in the aorta push blood along?
because the aorta contains more elastic fibre than muscle
76
what are the four main parts of the aorta?
ascending
arch
thoracic
abdominal
77
what makes up the ascending aorta?
left and right coronary arteries
78
what makes up the descending aorta?
thoracic and abdominal aorta
79
what are the branches of the arch of the aorta?
braciocephalic trunk
left common carotid
left subclavian
80
what arteries branch from the abdominal aorta to supply the pelvis and lower limbs?
common iliac arteries
81
what does the external iliac artery supply?
lower limbs
82
what does the internal iliac artery supply?
pelvis and perineum
83
what are the three layers of the heart?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
84
what is the external layer of the heart?
epicardium
85
what is the middle layer of the heart?
myocardium
86
what is the internal layer of the heart?
endocardium
87
epicardium
visceral serous pericardium
88
myocardium
cardiac muscle layer
89
endocardium
continuous with the endothelium of blood vessels connecting with the heart
90
what is the endothelium?
epithelial layer in the heart and blood vessels
91
what are the great vessels?
```
aorta
pulmonary trunk
IVC
SVC
pulmonary veins
```
92
what are the valves of the heart?
mitral
aortic
tricuspid
pulmonary
93
mitral valve
between left ventricle and left atrium
94
aortic valve
between left ventricle and the aorta
95
pulmonary valve
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
96
tricuspid valve
between right atrium and right ventricle
97
what are the peripheral pulses?
```
carotid
femoral artery
popliteal artery
dorsalis pedis artery
brachial artery
radial artery
```
98
where is the radial artery pulse?
radial site of the palmar aspect of the wrist
99
where is the brachial artery pulse?
anterior to the elbow joint
100
where is the dorsalis pedis artery pulse?
on the dorsum of the foor
101
where is the popliteal artery pulse?
posterior to the knee joint
102
where is the femoral artery pulse?
the continuation of the external iliac artery in the midpoint of the groin
103
where is the carotid pulse?
at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery
104
what is vasodilation?
relaxation of smooth muscles to widen the lumen and increase blood flow
105
what is vasoconstriction?
contraction of smooth muscle to narrow the lumen and reduce blood flow
106
what can smooth muscle contraction help with?
reducing blood loss after an injury
107
what causes vasoconstriction/dilation?
sympathetic tone
108
what is sympathetic tone?
a low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles
109
what causes sympathetic tone?
tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves
110
what is a neurovascular bundle?
a nerve an artery and a vein
111
why do arteries have a round lumen?
because elastic fibres keep their shape
112
what blood vessel is pulsatile?
arteries
113
what blood vessel is located more deep?
arteries
114
what is the one artery that carries deoxygenated blood?
the pulmonary artery
115
what does proximal mean when discussing an artery?
end of the artery closer to the heart
116
what does distal mean when discussing an artery?
end of the artery further from the heart
117
what is it called when an artery divides into 2?
bifurcation
118
what is it called when an artery divides into 3 ?
trifurcation
119
what terms indicate that an artery will divide again?
common and trunk
120
what is an end artery?
the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body
121
what doesnt an end artery have?
any collaterals
122
what does untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?
infarction of its territory
123
what is infarction?
irreversible cell death due to hypoxia caused by a loss of arterial blood supply
124
why does the coronary artery behave as an end artery even though it isnt one?
the anastomoses in the heart isnt good enough to provide the heart with the blood supply it needs to function
125
what are the three layers of a blood vessel from internal to external?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
126
tunica intima
internal
| endothelium
127
tunica media
middle
| smooth muscle and elastic fibres
128
what is the most variable layer of a blood vessel and why?
tunica media
| amount of smooth muscle and elastic fibre required depends on function
129
tunica adventitia
external
| connective tissue
130
in the conducting system where does the electrical impulse start spontaneously and what does this cause?
at the SA node
| causes both atria to contarct
131
where is the second place in the heart that the elctrical impulse travels to?
the AV node at the atrioventricular septum
132
where is the 3rd place the electrical impulse in the heart travels to?
the right and left bundles in the interventricular septum
133
where does the electrical impulse in the heart spread out to and what does this cause?
myocardium through conducting fibres
causes both ventricles to contract
134
what is the anatomical name for the top of the lower limb?
inguinal region
135
what is an anastomosis?
where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network
136
what does an anastomosis provide?
an alternative route for blood to flow to cells distal to an arterial occlusion
137
give an example of an anastomosis
the circle of willis in the brain
138
what is each alternative route in an anastomosis called?
a collateral
139
what is a disadvantage of a collateral?
they bleed from both sides of a cut so a haemorrhage may be worse
140
what do valves ensure?
uni-directional blood flow
141
what are the chambers of the heart?
right atrium
left atrium
right ventricle
left ventricle
142
what are the 4 functions of the CVS?
distributes gases and other molecules for nutrition, growth and repair
Chemical signalling (hormones travel in the bloodstream).
Thermoregulation
Mediate inflammation and host defence responses
143
what are sensations that can be detected by the nerves at joints? (4)
pain
touch
temperature
proprioception (awareness of where your body is)
144
what does increased stability at a joint mean?
decreased mobility
145
what does increased mobility at a joint mean?
decreased stability
| joint is more likely to dislocate
146
what joint is the most flexible and which is the least?
```
most = synovial
least = fibrous
```
147
what are the three types of joints?
synovial
cartilaginous
fibrous
148
what is the name of the joint that connects the skull to the vertebrae?
craniovertebral joints
149
what is the name of the joints betwen the vertebrae and the ribs?
costovertabral joints
150
name all the joints in the hand and wrist
proximal and distal interphalangeal
wrist joints
metacarpophalangeal
151
what is the name of the joints involving the tibia and the fibula?
proximal and distal tibiofibular joints
152
what are the names of all the joints in the ankle and the feet?
```
subtalar
midtarsal
metatarsalphalangeal
proximal interphalangeal
distal interphalangeal
```
153
what fuses the two bones of the pubis?
the pubic symphysis
154
what is the name of the joint between the sacrum and the ilium?
sacroiliac joints
155
what is the name of the distal joint between the radius and the ulna?
distal radioulnar joint
156
what bones make up the appendicular skeleton?
bones of the pectoral girdle
bones of the upper limbs
bones of the pelvic girdle
bones of the lower limb
157
when do bony features develop?
during bone growth
158
what is a bony feature?
a small feature on a bone such as a bump or a groove
159
how are bony features formed?
an adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone, moulding its shape accordingly
160
how are holes formed in bones and what are they called?
when there is an adjacent structure growing at the same time as the bone, the bone has to grow around it
a foramen
161
what are some functions of bone? (4)
support and protect body organs
calcium metabolism
red blood cell formation
attachment for skeletal muscles
162
what bones make up the axial skeleton?
bones of the skull
vones of the neck
bones of the chest, abdomen and back
163
which is more rigid, cartilage or bone?
bone
164
where is cartilage located?
anywhere mobility is required at articulations
165
what is an articulation?
a joint
166
what is the name of the joint between the temporal lobe and the mandible?
temperomandibular joints
167
what is the name of the joint between the acromion and the clavicle called?
acromioclavicular joint
168
what is the name of the joint between the sternum and the clavicle?
sternoclavicular joints
169
what is the name of the joint between most vertebrae?
facet joints
170
what are the two parts that make up the skeleton?
the axial skeleton
| the appendicular skeleton
