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SIU SOM: CRR > histology > Flashcards

histology Flashcards

1
Q

list 4 main tissue types

A

nervous
muscle
epithelial
connective

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2
Q

epithelium: vascular or nah?

A

avascular

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3
Q

main function of simple squamous epithelium

A

diffusion

very thin and flat, think blood vessels

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4
Q

endothelium vs mesothelium

A

endothelium lines circulatory system
mesothelium lines body cavities
(both are simple squamous)

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5
Q

differentiate a continuous capillary, fenstrated capillary, and sinusoid

A

continuous capillary: makes up a majority of capillaries in the body, have a continuous basement membrane (ex. skin, muscle)

fenestrated capillary: has continous basement membrane, cells have fenestrations (small pores allowing transport of larger molecules across membrane). located in kidneys, choroid plexus, endocrine glands, and intestines

sinusoid: found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. has discontinuous membrane. allow reentry of the RBC into capillaries from spleen as long as they are healthy and flexible enough to fit (keeps sickle cells out of circulation but can cause congestion in splee –> autosplenectomy)

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6
Q

list the various resident cells of connective tissue

A

fibroblasts (make collagen)
adipocytes (store fat)
immune cells (macrophages and mast cells)
Blood cells (RBC, WBC, platlets)

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7
Q

what is the most abundant protein in the body and in all connective tissues

A

collagen

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8
Q

reticular fibers

A

supports the stroma (acts as scafolding/structural support)
in most lymphoid and hematopoietic organs and many endocrine glands(support the spleen)
also called type III collagen

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9
Q

elastic fibers

A

polypeptide of elastin

important in lungs and circulatory system

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10
Q

extracellular matrix of connective tissue

A

the space between resident cells and fibers and acts as a lubricant and barrier
made up of ground substance and protein fibers (elastic, collagen, and reticular)
ground substance can range from liquid to solid but is highly hydrated

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11
Q

list 4 main types of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper (loose and dense)
cartilage
bone
blood

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12
Q

list types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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13
Q

list types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar
adipose
reticular

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14
Q

list types of dense connective tissue

A

dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

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15
Q

list components of hematocrit

A

plasma: water, proteins, electrolytes (top layer, majority of blood)
buffy coat: platlets and leukocytes (small band middle layer)
erythrocytes: RBC (sinks to bottom)

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16
Q

life span of RBC

A

120 days in circulation

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17
Q

list WBC types and norm values by percentage

A

Neutrophils: 54-64%

lymphocytes: 25-33
monocyte: 3-7
eosinophil: 1-3
basophil: 0-1

“Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas”

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18
Q

neutrophils: segs vs bands vs hyper segmented; function, nuclei and granules?

A

polymorphonuclear (PMN)
granular
phagocytic first responder, primary mediator of acute inflammation (high counts signify recent infection)
segs: mature neutrophils with segmented nuclei
bands: immature, unsegmented nuclei, indicate recent immune response
hyper-segmented: B12 and folate deficiences

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19
Q

B cells: function

A

plasma cells that produce antibodies

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20
Q

monocyte: granular? function

A

agranular
phagocytic, become macrophage when enters tissues
acts as garbage truck in chronic infections and destroys pathogens

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21
Q

eosinophills: granular? nuclei? function

A

eosinophilic (pink) granules
bi lobed nuclei
phagocytic, high concentrations during parasitic infections, modulate hypersensitivity (allergies), release cytokines and chemokines

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22
Q

basophils: granules? function

A

basophilic granules

secrete histamine, heparin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes; mediate hypersensitivity and allergic reactions (asthma)

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23
Q

thrombocytes

A

aka platlets

small cell fragments

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24
Q

microcytic RBC: indications

A 
small RBC
may be associated with:
thalassemia, 
iron deficiency anemia
chronic disease anemia
sideroblastic anemia
25
Q

macrocytic RBC: indications

A

vitamin B12 or folate deficiency
liver disease
MDS (myeloid dysplastic syndrome)
chemotherapy

26
Q

bite cell RBC: indications

A

G6PD deficiency
unstable hemoglobin disorders
oxidative drugs

27
Q

target cell RBC: indications

A

thalassemia
hemoglobinopathies
post-splenectomy
liver diease

28
Q

sickle cell RBC: indications

A

hemoglobin SS disease
Hemoglobin SC disease
Hemoglobin SD disease
S-beta thalassemia

29
Q

which muscle type(s) is/are striated

A

skeletal and cardiac

30
Q

which muscle type(s) is/are multinucleated

A

skeletal (peripheral), cardiac (1-2 in middle)

smooth has single central nuclei

31
Q

satellite cells

A

reserve progenitor myocytes which are imparative for regeneration

(cardiac cells have poor regeneration because lack satellite cells)

32
Q

tissue type of tendon

A

dense regular connective tissue

33
Q

desmosomes

A

hold cells tightly together (located at intercalated discs of cardiac muscle cells)

34
Q

gap junctions

A

allow spread of action potentials (located at intercalacted discs of cardiac muscles)

35
Q

what are the only arteries in the body to carry deoxygenated blood

A

pulmonary arteries

36
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost layer of arteries and vein

endothelium

37
Q

tunica media

A

middle layer of arteries and veins
smooth muscle
larger in arteries than veins
(location of atherosclerosis)

38
Q

tunica adventitia

A 
outermost layer of arteries and veins
connective tissue (collagen and elastin)
vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessels)
39
Q

differentiate parietal pericardium epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

A

parietal pericardium: outer layer against chest wall
meothelium, loose CT and dense fibrous layer

epicardium (viscerial pericardium): against the organ/heart
meothelium and loos CT with coronary vessels

myocardium: cardiac muscle
endocardium: endothelium/inside of heart

40
Q

purkinje fibers

A

conducting myofibrils in subendocarium and reach into myocardium
fewer contractile filaments than myofibrils so appear more pale
lots of mitochondria and glycogen

41
Q

common function of simple squamous epithelium and ex of location

A

diffusion

lung alveoli, Bowman’s capsule, blood vessels endothelium, lymphatic vessels

42
Q

stratified squamous epithelium function and ex of location

A

protective

cornea, esophagus, epidermis, esophagus, mouth, vagina, urethra, anus

43
Q

simple columnar epithelium function and location

A

absorbs and secretes
GI tract from stomach to colon, uterus, excretory ducts of some glands
sometimes ciliated: small bronchi, fallopian tubes

44
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelium location

A

respiratory and male reproductive tract

ciliated in trachea

45
Q

cuboidal epithelium function and location

A

absorb and secrete

line glands and ducts (ex. collecting ducts in kidney)

46
Q

transitional epithelium function and location

A

allow distention and protects underlying tissue

in the urinary tract from the renal pelvis to the outside

47
Q

endocrine glands: ducts or nah?

A

endocrine glands are ductless

48
Q

differentiate between exocrine glands: merocrine, holocrine, apocrine

A

merocrine: secrete products via exocytosis and makes up most exocrine glands
holocrine: “whole” cell disintegrates, ex. sebaceous glands
apocrine: loss of apical cytoplasm, ex. mammary glands

49
Q

differentiate between serous and mucous acinar glands

A

mucous acini: secrete mucous

serous acini: secrete watery

50
Q

differentiate between merocrine and apocrin sweat glands

A

merocrine: more widely distributed, secrete onto skin surface, small lumen
apocrine: in axilla, perianal, and genital areas, influenced by sex hormones and secrete into hair follicles a viscous milky fluid, large lumen

51
Q

sebaceous glands

A

associated with hair follicles and secrete sebum which provides mositure for hair and skin, create pimples when inflammed
holocrine: have pyknotic nuclei which indicate cell death

52
Q

hair follicles

A

invagination of surface epithelium, lined with stratified squamous epithelium

53
Q

list layers of epidermis from bottom to top

A

stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum

54
Q

merkel cells function

A

sensory mechanoreceptors

55
Q

langerhans cells function

A

immune function

56
Q

melanocytes function

A

pigmentation

57
Q

meissner’s cells

A

skin receptors in papillary dermis sensitive to fine touch

58
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

skin receptor deep in dermis sensitive to deep pressure

SIU SOM: CRR (15 decks)

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