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RENAL > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the capsule which covers the outer kidney?

A

thin but strong capsule of dense collagen fibres

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2
Q

How many medullary pyramids can be seen in one kidney?

A

8-18 per kidney

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3
Q

What is found at the apices of the medullary pyramids?

A

renal papillae

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4
Q

How does the blood supply get to the renal cortex?

A

Vessels travel up renal columns and supply cortex

Medulla of kidney is supplied VIA the cortex

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5
Q

What is the name given to the fat pads found at the renal hilum?

A

Renal Sinus

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6
Q

What are the two main components of the nephron?

A 
Renal corpuscle (contains the glomerulus)
Renal tubules
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7
Q

How many nephrons do we have per kidney?

A

600,000 - 1 million

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8
Q

What length is a nephron?

A

45-65mm

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9
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle?

A

production and collection of glomerular filtrate

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10
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

Group of capillaries

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11
Q

What is Bowmans capsule?

A

Epithelium into which the glomerulus extends (Balloon theory)

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12
Q

What two layers seperate the blood from the glomerular filtrate?

A
  1. capillary endothelium

2. specialised epithelium on top of glomerular capillaries (podocytes)

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13
Q

What structure forms the filtration slits?

A

the podocytes have interdigitating cell processes (pedicels) forming filtration slits

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14
Q

The basal lamina between the capillary endothelium and the specialised podocyte epithelium is 6x larger than an average basal lamina. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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15
Q

How much glomerular filtrate is produced per minute and how much of this is urine?

A

100-125ml/min

(but only about 1ml/min of urine).

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16
Q

What two poles does the renal corpuscle have?

A

a vascular pole,

and opposite this, a urinary pole

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17
Q

What is the name given to the core of the glomerulus?

A

mesangium (this also extends out of the glomerulus)

18
Q

What are the 3 components of the glomerular filter?

A

fenestrated endothelium of the capillary

thick basement membrane

The filtration slits between pedicels

19
Q

What is the function of the Proximal convoluted tubule?

A

REABSORPTION

water, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and glucose

20
Q

What process is used to reabsorb 70% of the sodium in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

active transport

21
Q

What process is used to reabsorb water in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Diffusion

22
Q

How are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

Co-transport

23
Q

Describe the epithelium found in the proximal convoluted tubules

A

Cuboidal

Extensive brush border of microvilli

24
Q

Why does the proximal convoluted tubule epithelium contain junctional complexes at the apical end?

A

To prevent expelled contents from diffusing back in

25
Q

Describe the histological difference between proximal convoluted tubules and distal convoluted tubules?

A

PROXIMAL = larger than the distal convoluted tubules PROXIMAL have a less well defined luminal margin due to the brush border

26
Q

The loop of Henle gets thinner as it passes the cortex/medullary junction. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

27
Q

What is the main function of the loop of Henle?

A

creates the hyperosmotic (SALTY) environment in the medulla

28
Q

What is the difference in epithelium between the thick and thin limb of the loop of Henle?

A 
Thick = cuboidal epithelium
Thin = Squamous epithelium
29
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

Thin walled blood vessels which dip down from the cortex and then climb back up to permit a highly osmotic gradient in the medulla

30
Q

What is the main function of the Distal convoluted tubule?

A

acid-base and water balance

=> fine-tuning the filtrate

31
Q

What hormone controls reabsoprtion of Na in the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Aldosterone

32
Q

What structures can be seen as stripes in the cortex that point toward the medulla?

A

Parallel bundles of collecting ducts

33
Q

What name is often given to the largest part of a collecting duct?

A

Duct of Bellini

34
Q

What hormone increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

35
Q

A high ADH causes more concentrated urine. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE
think - diuretics get rid of peoples fluid
=> Antidiuretic hormone retains fluid (water)
=> urine produced is more concentrated

36
Q

What epithelium is found in the urinary tract?

A

transitional epithelium or urothelium

37
Q

What type of cells face the lumen of the urinary tract?

A

umbrella cells (due to domed appearance)

38
Q

What size is the male urethra compared to the female urethra?

A 
Male = 20cm
Female = 3-5 cm
39
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the female urethra?

A

Transitional epithelium until changing to squamous at termination

40
Q

What types of epithelium are found in the male urethra?

A

Prostatic urethra = transitional epithelium.
Membranous urethra = Transitional changes to stratified columnar
Penile urethra = stratified columnar THEN stratified squamous

RENAL (24 decks)

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