Haematuria Flashcards

1
Q

Haematuria is regarded as a symptom of malignancy until proven otherwise. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Aside from the urethra, where else can blood in the urine come from?

A

Haematospermia (blood in semen)

Vaginal bleeding

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3
Q

What usually causes haematospermia?

A

prostate cancer invading the seminal ducts

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4
Q

What are the different types of haematuria?

A

Visible

Or

Non-visible

  • Asymptomatic
  • Symptomatic
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5
Q

What methods are used to pick up non-visible haematuria?

A

Dipstick

Microscopy

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6
Q

What qualifies as non-visible haematuria on microscopy?

A

3 or more RBCs per high-power field on microscopy

in 2-3 urine specimens

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7
Q

What should you ask about in a history for haematuria?

A
  • Smoking
  • Occupational exposures (chemicals, dyes, rubber)
  • Any gross haematuria in the past
  • Age >40
  • Specific drug abuse
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8
Q

Visible haematuria is a larger indicator of potential cancer than non-visible haematuria. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

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9
Q

What type of cancer is most commonly associated with haematuria?

A

Bladder cancer

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10
Q

Why do inflammatory changes in the urinary tract lead to haematuria?

A

Increase blood flow to the organ

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11
Q

Give examples of inflammatory conditions which would cause haematuria?

A
Urethritis
Prostatitis
Cystitis
Ureteritis
Pyelonephritis
Glomerulonephritis
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12
Q

Patients who are passing renal or urinary stones experience haematuria. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE

not all experience haematuria

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13
Q

What percentage of patients with renal cell cancer present with haematuria?

A

50-60%

usually at advanced stages of cancer

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14
Q

What do you call bleeding around the kidney, secondary to trauma?

A

peri-renal haematoma

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15
Q

What sports are known to cause haematuria?

A
Contact sports (trauma)
Jogging (long distance - many develop haematuria which goes away after 1 week)
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16
Q

Why should a bladder not be immediately drained with a catheter if a patient is in urinary retention?

A

Decompression of bladder can cause haematuria

17
Q

What blood thinning medications can be responsible for haematuria?

A

Warfarin
Heparin
Aspirin

18
Q

What other cause of haematuria is related to the blood itself?

A

Bleeding disorders

19
Q

What other substances can change urine colour and make patients suspect there is blood in their urine?

A

Myoglobin (e.g. in rhabdomyolosis)

Food/drugs (e.g. beetroot etc)

20
Q

What condition can mimic haematuria in very young children?

A

“red diaper syndrome” caused by Serratia marcescens

  • causes red discolouration similar to that seen in haematuria
21
Q

What neoplasm is most likely to cause haematuria in children?

A

Nephroblastoma (20% have frank haematuria)

22
Q

Other than renal calculi, what can be responsible for loin to groin pain?

A

Blood clots

23
Q

A simple US works to see the bladder, especially when full. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

24
Q

On what type of imagine can the collecting system not be viewed clearly, and how do we combat this?

A

CT imaging

=> we use contrast (Urogram)

25
Q

What other investigations can be used to view the bladder?

A

cystoscopy

26
Q

Invasive investigation of the ureters and kidneys must be done under general anaesthetic. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE