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RENAL > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the kidney?

A

Filtration and collection

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2
Q

Where does the kidney proper begin to develop in the embryo?

A

Sacral part

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3
Q

What are the 4 parts of the mesoderm contained between the ecto and endoderm?

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Somatic
Splanchnic

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4
Q

What part of the mesoderm will eventually give rise to the nephric structures?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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5
Q

The aorta is in 2 parts during the initial development of the kidney. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

arteries extend from the developing kidneys to separate aortas, which eventually fuse together

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6
Q

Where does the process of segmentation of the intermediate mesoderm begin in the embryo?

A

At lower cervical spine region

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7
Q

The first part of the intermediate mesoderm to segment is known as what?

A

The pronephros (Greek for 1st kidney)

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8
Q

What section of intermediate mesoderm is next to segment after the pronephros?

A

The mesonephros

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9
Q

Why is the excretion of urine as an embryo important?

A

It contributes to development of amniotic fluid

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10
Q

As further segmentation occurs towards the kidney proper, what happens to the segementations at the level of the pronephros?

A

They regress

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11
Q

In males all of the pronephric and mesonephric tubes regress. TRUE/FALSE?

A

FALSE
all regress in females
In males, the mesonephric duct remains

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12
Q

The metanephros does NOT segment. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

it forms the metanephric blastema (aka the kidney proper)

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13
Q

When does the metanephros appear and when does it function between?

A

Appears at week 5

functions between weeks 9-11

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14
Q

How many pairs of mesonephric tubules are produced ?

A

40

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15
Q

On what day of development does the ureteric bud sprout and when does it penetrate the metanephric blastema?

A

Day 28 – ureteric buds sprout from distal mesonephric ducts

Day 32 – penetrate the Metanephric Blastema

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16
Q

What is the result of a ureteric bud which is too short and does not reach the metanephric blastema?

A

Kidney agenesis

17
Q

Can an embryo survive with kidney agenesis?

A

Yes, but after birth it is not compatible with life.

Placenta did its work whilst baby was in the womb

18
Q

What process creates the large spaces for collection during the branching of the renal pelvis?

A

Intussusception

19
Q

What are the 4 parts of the nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule (Glomerulus)
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule

20
Q

How do the nephrons establish a connection with the collecting ducts?

A
  • Collecting tubule is associated with caps of metanephric tissue cells
  • These arrange themselves into renal vesicles which eventually form the nephron alongside the collecting tubule
  • The two fuse, creating a conduit between the nephron and collecting tubule
21
Q

Where do the kidneys ascend to?

A

pelvis to L1 level

22
Q

When do the kidneys begin to ascend?

A

during weeks 6-9

23
Q

Before they ascend, where does the blood supply to the kidney come from?

A

common iliac arteries

24
Q

Why are accessory arteries to the kidneys common?

A

New vessels are developing as they ascend and old vessels are meant to regress (sometimes they dont)

25
Q

What is a pelvic kidney?

A

Anomaly where one kidney fails to ascend

Can still work from the pelvis

26
Q

What is a horseshoe kidney and where does it normally sit?

A

Inferior poles of Metanephroi meet and fuse before ascent

⇒ kidney trapped beneath IMA

27
Q

The cloaca (hindgut endoderm) gives rise to what 2 structures?

A

Rectum

Primitive Urogenital Sinus

28
Q

The primitive urogenital sinus eventually forms what 3 structures?

A

Bladder
Pelvic urethra
Definitive Urogenital Sinus

29
Q

What can potentially result from the cloaca forming both the rectum and primitive urogenital sinus?

A

Fistula between the two if it does not split properly

can also present as a vagino-anal fistula in females

30
Q

What divides the cloaca into two?

A

Urorectal septum

31
Q

What structure moves to connect the ureteric bud to the bladder directly?

A

Mesonephric duct

32
Q

What does the mesonephric duct move downwards to become?

A

the early vas deferens in males

regresses after this in females

33
Q

The trigone in the bladder is formed from the arrangement of the ureteric buds and mesonephric ducts. TRUE/FALSE?

A

TRUE

34
Q

What is different about the trigone compared to the rest of the bladder wall?

A

It is non-contractile

35
Q

What defects can occur if the bladder forms abnormally?

A

Urachal Fistula
Urachal Cyst
Urachal Sinus

RENAL (24 decks)

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